INFORMATION TO USERS This mazmsciÿt has been reproduced from the microSlm master. U M I films the text direct^ &om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of conçuter printer. The quality of this reproduction is d^>end^t upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard marÿnc, and inyroper aiigmnent can adversety affect reproductiorL In the unlikety event that the author did not send U M I a complete manusotyît and there are missing pages, these w ill be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyri^t material had to be removed, a note win indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g^ maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from 1 ^ to right in equal sections with smafl overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerogr^hically in this copy. Higher quality 6" % 9" black and white photographic prints are available for aity photographs or illustrations spearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UM I directty to order. UMI A Bel! & Howell information Company 300 Nortn Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106^1346 USA 313.'761-4700 800/521-0600 THERAPISTS' EXPERIENCE OF METAPHORIC COMMUNICATION IN THERAPY Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By: Carina Sudarsky-Gleiser, M.A. The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Pamela S. Highien James E. Lantz Richard K. Russell Bruce W. Walsh Adviser Department of Psychole DMI Number: 9612281 UMI Microform 9612281 Copyright 1996, by DMI Compamy. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, HI 48103 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals were instrumental in the completion of this dissertation; to them, I would like to offer my most sincere appreciation. First, I have felt blessed by the love and support of my family. I want to thank my husband, Saul, and our children Joanne, Joel and the little one that is on the way. Saul, your patience, encouragement and support made possible the completion of this dissertation. Thanks also for your trips to the library and for your help with formatting and typing corrections during the frequent revisions of this document. Joanne and Joel thanks for your frequent kisses and hugs, for you understanding, and for giving up your time with mommy. To the little one, thanks for your kicking; it maximized the encouragement and inspiration offered by your siblings. I hope I will be able to offer you a more peaceful lifestyle once you arrive in this world in November. To my mom and dad, thanks for your faith in me and for your encouragement throughout my graduate school work. Thanks also for taking care of the kids during your visit to the U.S. Knowing that they were in loving hands gave me some peace of mind during crazy times. Dad, your help with cross-checking references benefited me u greatly. Thanks to my brother and sister, to my in-laws, and to my friend Silvia Cuevas, for their love and faith in me. To my adviser. Dr. Pamela Highien, thanks for your encouragement, advice and frequent revisions of this dissertation. Your support during my graduate school work helped me move through the different "rites of passage" that characterize our profession. I would also like to thank Dr. Jim Lantz, Dr. Rich Russell, and Dr. Bruce Walsh for their willingness to serve as members of the dissertation committee and for their flexibility in accommodating the dissertation defense. Thanks to them for their comments and suggestions. Special thanks to Dr. Jim Lantz for his useful guidance and recommendations regarding the qualitative methodology of this dissertation. I would also like to thank my co-workers: Dr. Jeff Pollard, Sandy Darfus, and Bud Walkup. Jeff, thanks for your encouragement and for your interest in helping me place this dissertation in its proper perspective. Your help with the tables and figures for this document benefited me immeasurably. Sandy, thanks for your optimism, your support and your listening ear. Bud, thanks for your understanding and support. Thank you all for your flexibility during months of craziness. Thanks to the peer debriefing group for their valuable suggestions during the research process. To Heather Finley, thanks for your help with the technical equipment used in this dissertation and for your willingness to code a complete interview to enhance the rigor of the study. in My heartfelt thanks to the therapists who agreed to participate in this study. Their willingness to use their valuable time to be interviewed made this dissertation possible. The interviewing process was an exciting experience for me; connecting with them and learning from their knowledge and experience was personally and professionally stimulating. IV vrrA- April 1 9 ,1 9 6 1 Bom—Bogota, Colombia 1983................................. Psicoioga, Unlversldad de los Andes, Colombia. 1989................................. M.A., Developmental Psychology, The OhioState University. 1987-1991 ................... Bilingual Counselor (1987-1989); Coordinator Counseling Services (1989-1991 ), Casa de Esperanza, Catholic Social Services, Columbus, Ohio. 1991-199 2....................Graduate Administrative Associate, Coordinator, AIDS Education and Outreach Program, Counseling and Consultation Services, The Ohio State University. 1992-199 3....................Graduate Administrative Associate, Hispanic Outreach, Counseling and Consultation Services, The Ohio State University. 1993-199 4.................... Psychology Intern, Counseling and Consultation Services, The Ohio State University. 1994-Presen t ............ Staff Counselor, Denison University, Granville, Ohio. PUBLICATIONS Highien, P. S., & Sudarsky-Gleiser, C. (1994). Co-essence model of vocational assessment for racial/ethnic minorities (CEMVA-REM): An existential approach. Journal of Career Assessment. Z. 304-329. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Psychology TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................ü VITA ................................................................................................................. .V LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................xii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................xiiL CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................I Rationale ................................................................................... 6 Purpose and Objectives ......................................................... .7 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ........................................................ 9 What is a Metaphor? ............ .10 Metaphors in Everyday life .................................................... .1.4 Metaphoric communication; A Multicultural and Historical Perspective ........... 15 Symbolic Healing and Psychotherapy ..................................25 Metaphoric Communication Across Theoretical Orientations in Counseling and Therapy .............................28 Therapeutic Metaphors Across the Treatment Process .......................................................................................35 Metaphoric Communication Across Treatment Modalities ...................................................................................41 Metaphoric communication in Individual Therapy ..............................................................................41 Metaphoric Communication in Group Therapy ............. 50 Metaphoric Communication in Family Therapy ..............................................................................54 Metaphoric Communication in Multicultural Counseling ................................................................................. 60 Concluding Remarks ................................................................ 65 Phenomenology & Grounded Theory ......................................69 vi III. METHODS ..................................................................................... 23 Participants ...............................................................................2.4 Data Collection ......................................................................... 31 The researcher ............................................................... 31 Setting ............................................................................... 8.1 Pilot Interviev/s ................................................................. SZ Open-ended Interviews ................................................... 3 2 Observational Notes, Methodological Notes and Theoretical Notes ..................................................... 8.4 Methods of Establishing Rigor .............................................. 86 Triangulation .................................................................. 86 Data triangulation .............................................. 86 Theoretical Triangulation ..............................