Whose peace is it anyway? connecting Somali and international peacemaking ISSUE ISSUE 21 Accord 21 Accord edited by an international review of peace initiatives For many people Somalia is synonymous with violence, warlordism, famine, Mark Bradbury and Sally Healy displacement, terrorism, jihadism, and piracy. Nearly two decades of foreign interventions have failed to build peace or a viable state. And since 2001 ISSUE international engagement has served to deepen humanitarian and political crisis in southern Somalia. Whose peace is it anyway? 21 But Somalia is not an entirely lawless and ungoverned land. Somali people 2010 connecting Somali have used their own resources and traditions of conflict resolution to re- establish security and governance in many communities. Somali-led initiatives have succeeded in building durable political and administrative arrangements and international to manage conflict and provide security. Somali entrepreneurship has also revitalized the economy in many places. peacemaking Accord 21 on Somali peace processes seeks to inform better understanding between Somali and international peacemaking policy and practice. It includes more than 30 articles, from interviews with Somali elders and senior officials with the AU, IGAD and the UN, to contributions from Somali and international peacemaking practitioners, academics, involved parties, civil society and women’s organizations, and other experts. The project has been undertaken in collaboration connecting Somali and international peacemaking with Interpeace, drawing on their peace mapping study www.interpeace.org CONCILIATION RESOURCES AND THE ACCORD SERIES Conciliation Resources is an international non-governmental organization that supports people working to prevent violence, promote justice and transform armed conflict. CR’s Accord projects aim to inform and strengthen peace processes, providing a unique resource on conflict and peacemaking. “We should all recognize that Somalia is not given the necessary attention and care by the international community. We call it a failed state and we seem to admit that this is a new category of states for which we are helpless. From my own experience in Somalia I believe there is a remarkable potential in the people of this country, which deserves to be given a chance: through real long term support for economic development and federal governance. This Accord publication on Somali peace processes essentially highlights some of the ways that international policy can better engage with Somali peacemaking” Mohamed Sahnoun is Special Adviser to the UN Secretary-General on Africa and former Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Somalia. He is also Vice Chair of Interpeace and of the UN mandated University of Peace. ISBN 978-1-905805-14-3 published by In collaboration with The full text of all issues in the Accord ! ! series can be found on Conciliation Resources ! website: www.c-r.org 9 781905 805143 Acknowledgements Issue editors Mark Bradbury and Sally Healy Accord series editor Alexander Ramsbotham Director of policy and comparative learning Cynthia Petrigh Research and publications officer Elizabeth Drew QPSW peace worker Mary Dobbing Executive director Andy Carl Conciliation Resources would like to give special thanks for the editorial advice and assistance provided by Cedric Barnes, Judith Gardner, Faisa Loyaan, Virginia Luling and Johan Svensson. In addition we extend grateful thanks to our authors, peer reviewers, photographers and all those who have contributed to the conception and production of this publication: Mahdi Abdile, Anita Adam, Nancy AJima, Omar Alasow, Mark Bowden, Matt Bryden, Tony Burns, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Chatham House, Ibrahim Farah, Aaron Griffiths, Tobias Hagmann, Bernard Harborne, Jonathan Hargreaves, Elisabet Hedin, Ibrahim Abdulle Jabril, Sizer Kebede, Ioan Lewis, Nisar Majid, Robert Maletta, Edward Mason, Roger Middleton, Celia McKeon, Fred Ngoga-Gateretse, Yusuf Garad Omar, Adrian Platt, Gregory Norton, Dan Silvey, Michael Walls, Wafula Wamunyinyi, Hibo Yassin. The publication was made possible thanks to financial support from the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Published by Conciliation Resources 173 Upper Street London N1 1RG Telephone +44 (0)20 7359 7728 | Fax +44 (0)20 7359 4081 | Email [email protected] Website www.c-r.org Designed and typeset by SoapBox, www.soapboxcommunications.co.uk © Conciliation Resources 2010 Permission is granted for reproduction and use of these materials for educational purposes. Please acknowledge your source when using the materials and notify Conciliation Resources. UK charity registration number 1055436 ISSN 1365-0742 | ISBN 978-1-905805-14-3 Cover photo: Women’s peace march, Garowe, Puntland, Somalia © Ryan Anson 2 | Accord | ISSUE 21 Contents Acronyms 4 Map of Somalia 5 Introduction, Mark Bradbury and Sally Healy 6 A brief history of the Somali conflict, Mark Bradbury and Sally Healy 10 Section 1: Lessons of international engagement 15 Diplomacy in a failed state, Ken Menkhaus 16 Mediating Djibouti, Meredith Preston McGhie 20 A conversation with HE Engineer Mahboub M. Maalim 24 Security and stabilization in Somalia, Jeremy Brickhill 27 A conversation with Nicolas Bwakira 30 Somali peace agreements, Warsan Cismaan Saalax and Abdulaziz Ali Ibrahim ‘Xildhiban’ 32 Political representation in Somalia, Markus V. Hoehne 34 A conversation with Charles Petrie 38 Private sector peacemaking, Lee Cassanelli 41 Section 2: Owning the peace: lessons of Somali peace processes 45 How Somali-led peace processes work, Dr Pat Johnson and Abdirahman Raghe 46 A conversation with Malaq Isaak Ibraahim 50 Community peace processes in south central Somalia, Professor Ibrahim Ali Amber ‘Oker’ 52 A conversation with Sultan Said Garasse 56 Order out of chaos, Abdurahman A. Osman ‘Shuke’ 58 A conversation with Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf 60 Somali women and peacebuilding, Faiza Jama 62 Securing Mogadishu, Mohamed Ahmed Jama 66 Bakaaro market war 68 Wajid District 70 Towards a culture for peace, Maxamed Daahir Afrax 72 Section 3: Frameworks for stability 75 Somaliland, Mohammed Hassan Ibrahim and Ulf Terlinden 76 How to administer Mogadishu, Hassan Sheikh 80 Experiences of constitution making: Sub-section introduction, Sally Healy 84 Somalia’s constitution making process, Dr Kirsti Samuels 86 Making the Somaliland constitution, Ibrahim Hashi Jama 89 Puntland constitutional review process, Ahmed Abbas Ahmed and Ruben Zamora 91 Islam and Somali social order 94 Identity, politics and Somali diaspora youth, Khadra Elmi 98 Displacement and peacebuilding in the Somali regions, Anna Lindley 102 Section 4: Conclusions 104 How does it end? Mark Bradbury and Sally Healy 105 Key texts 108 Profiles 109 Glossary 113 Chronology 115 Further reading 120 The Accord series 122 Somali peace processes | 3 Acronyms AIAI Al Itihad Al Islamiyya SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary- AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia General (UN) APD Academy for Peace and Development SSA Somali Salvation Alliance ARPCT Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and SSC Somali Salvation Council Counter Terrorism SSDF Somali Salvation Democratic Front ARS Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia SWA Somali Women’s Agenda AU African Union TFG Transitional Federal Government COGWO Coalition for Grassroots Women Organizations TNC Transitional National Charter CRD Center for Research and Development TNG Transitional National Government CRC Constitutional Review Committee UAE United Arab Emirates CSO Civil Society Organization UCID Justice and Welfare Party EC European Commission UDUB United Democratic People’s Party EU European Union UNDP United Nations Development Programme FCC Federal Constitutional Committee UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for FPENS Formal Private Education Centre Refugees GOS Somali Olympic Committee UNITAF Unified Task Force HINNA Haweenka Horseedka Nabadda (Women UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Pioneers for Peace and Life) Humanitarian Affairs ICU Islamic Courts Union UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia IFCC Independent Federal Constitutional UNPOS United Nations Political Office for Somalia Commission UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development US United States INXA Iskuxirka Nabada iyo Xuquuqal Adamiga USC United Somali Congress JSC Joint Security Committee USF United Somali Front MSSP Mogadishu Security and Stabilization Plan USP United Somali Party NEC National Electoral Commission USR United Somali Roots NGO Non-Governmental Organization NSSP National Security and Stabilization Plan PDRC Puntland Development and Research Center PHRN Peace and Human Rights Network PSC Peace and Security Council (AU) RRA Rahanweyn Resistance Army R2P Responsibility to Protect SNA Somali National Alliance SNF Somali National Front SNM Somali National Movement SNRC Somalia National Reconciliation Conference SPM Somali Patriotic Movement SRRC Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council 4 | Accord | ISSUE 21 Map of Somalia Caluula GULF OF ADEN DJIBOUTI Gees Asayita Djibouti Gwardafuy Butyaalo Saylac Somaliland Raas Boosaaso Dikhil Surud Bargaal Raas Maskan Qandala Jac Raas ee Raas l Binna Sili Khansiir Maydh Laasqoray Dahot Raas AWDAL Bullaxaar Berbera Erigavo orate BARI Xaafuun Boorama Xaafuun otect S ANAAG r Iskushuban