TEA SECTOR REPORT Common borders. Common solutions. 1 DISCLAIMER The document has been produced with the assistance of the European Union under Joint Operational Programme Black Sea Basin 2014-2020. Its content is the sole responsibility of Authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Common borders. Common solutions. 2 Contents 1. Executıve Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Tea Sector Report ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1. Current Status ............................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1. World .................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.2. Black Sea Basin ................................................................................................................................... 49 1.1.3. National and Regional ........................................................................................................................ 60 1.2. Traditional Tea Agriculture and Management ............................................................................................ 80 1.2.1. Current Status .................................................................................................................................... 80 1.2.2. Swot .................................................................................................................................................. 135 1.2.3. Development Areas .......................................................................................................................... 138 1.2.4. Examples Of Good Practice .............................................................................................................. 143 1.3. Organic Tea Cultivation ............................................................................................................................. 148 1.3.1. Organic Tea Farming In Greece ........................................................................................................ 149 1.3.2. Organic Tea Farming In Turkey ......................................................................................................... 181 1.3.3. Organic Tea Farming In Bulgaria ....................................................................................................... 225 1.3.4. Organic Tea Farming In Georgia ....................................................................................................... 260 1.3.5. Organic Tea Farming In Armenia ...................................................................................................... 281 1.4. Firm Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 314 1.4.1. Product Portfolios............................................................................................................................. 314 1.4.2. Current and target markets .............................................................................................................. 319 1.4.3. Production Methods ......................................................................................................................... 320 1.4.4. Swot .................................................................................................................................................. 320 1.4.5. Competitiveness Analysis ................................................................................................................. 322 1.4.6. Training and counseling needs ......................................................................................................... 329 1.5. Literature ................................................................................................................................................... 332 Common borders. Common solutions. 3 1. Executıve Summary Tea is one of the most popular drinks consumed by many people in the world. The tea, botanically called Camellia sinensis, is a genus of flowering plants in the family "theaceae". Tea is a type of beverage derived from the leaves and flowers of the plant camellia sinensis. White tea, green tea, oolong and black tea are collected from this species, but are processed in different ways to achieve different levels of oxidation. Commercially grown teas are Assam type (Camellia Sinensis Var. assamica), Chinese Type (Camellia Sinensis Var. sinensis) and the Cambodian or Indochina type (Camellia Sinensis Var. Cambodiensis) has three distinct varieties. Plant and fruit teas are a kind of beverage obtained by boiling or scalding the leaves, flowers, roots, stems, shells, seeds of plants and fruits. It is suggested that the tea plant, whose motherland is China according to some and India according to some, was cultivated in China approximately 2700 years ago. Natural woodlands belonging to Yunnan province in south-west China also have tea plants older than 1500 years. In 1835, a wild species of the Assamese variety of Camellia Sinensis was found in India and later in Thailand and Burma. The use of the tea plant as a medicine before, the development of its industry in China for the first time and its spread from here to the world reinforces the view that its motherland is China. In another source, the first sipping of tea dates back to ancient times, 2737 BC, to the Chinese Empire. The emperor, who likes the smell, wants to try the taste as well, and tea has become the indispensable friend of mankind ever since. The first wide-scale research on the smell of tea belongs to Lu Yu, who lived between 733-804 BC. In his work" tea book", he gives systematic and comprehensive information about tea from its production to its consumption. Thus, tea production and consumption became more widespread. Word of tea is derived from the Chinese word of “Ça” and all languages have used the words they took from this and produced for this drink. On earth, the tea plant is grown on the belt from about 42 degrees of latitude in the northern hemisphere to 27 degrees of latitude in the southern hemisphere. Although it is grown in regions where rainfall is abundant and the climate is hot, the places where tea production is done economically in the world are limited. India, China, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Vietnam, Indonesia, Kenya, Japan, Iran are the countries where tea plant is widely grown and tea production is intensive. Together with these countries, tea production is carried out in 45 countries. 70% of the total tea production in the world is black, 23% is green and 7% is oolong tea. The first attempt to produce tea in Turkey was made in 1888. Information about this initiative is included in the book “geography industrial and commercial” published in 1892. In 1924, the Law No. 407 on the cultivation of nuts, oranges, tangerines, lemons and tea was adopted in the province of Rize and Borçka. Tea agriculture has been secured with this law. The Inspector General of Agriculture Zihni Derin was assigned to carry out the tea production activities initiated according to this law. Common borders. Common solutions. 4 With the positive results of the studies made from 1924 to 1937, 20 tons of tea seeds were imported from Batumi in 1937, 30 tons of tea seeds in 1939 and 40 tons of tea seeds in 1940 and tea garden plant works were started. About 4 million 76 thousand hectares of tea production is made in the world. These tea fields produced 6.1 million tons of dry tea. In World dry tea production according to 2017 DATA, China is the world's largest tea producer with a production of 2.46 million tons, while India is the world's second largest tea producer with a production of 1,325 million tons. India is followed by Kenya with 439,857 tons and Sri Lanka with 349,699 tons respectively. Turkey is the fifth largest tea producer country in the world with 234,000 tons of dry tea production in 2017 and 270 thousand tons in 2018. Worldwide black tea production has increased by 3.0% each year, while green tea has increased by 5.4% in response to continued fixed prices and perceived health benefits of green tea over the past decade. In 2018, the world export market reached approximately $ 7,761 billion. According to export values, China has 23% of the international market with approximately 1,785 billion dollars, Kenya has 17.63% with 1,370 billion dollars, Sri Lanka has 12,13% with 942 million dollars, India has 9.83% with 763 million dollars. According to the export value of Turkey in 2017 approximately 25 million dollars in 2018 13 million dollars in exports. Turkey's global market share is 0.168% in 2018. The world tea import market reached a size of about $ 7,440 billion in 2018. According to 2018 Data, Pakistan is the world's most import dry tea country with approximately $ 571 million. The Russian Federation is the world's second largest importer of dry tea, with imports of about $ 497 million. Turkey is carrying out imports of $ 38.9 million. According to the world TEA report, annual tea consumption per person in the world is 500 grams. In per capita consumption per year, Turkey ranks first with 3.5 kilograms. Turkey is followed by Afghanistan with 2.44 kilograms,