The Use Of Participatory Methodologies In Veterinary Epidemiology By Jonathan Rushton and Rommy Viscarra A guide for THE USE OF PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGIES IN VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY by Jonathan Rushton and Rommy Viscarra CEVEP Casilla 10474 La Paz Bolivia Tel/Fax: + 591 2 2483495 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Casilla 10474, La Paz, Bolivia. email: [email protected] page 1 of 57 The Use Of Participatory Methodologies In Veterinary Epidemiology By Jonathan Rushton and Rommy Viscarra ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the following people and institutions: - The Bolivian team of the UNIVEP project – in particular: Fidel Villegas who participated in the majority of the participatory workshops on livestock diseases in Bolivia in the year 2000; and Marbel Villarroel for her contributions at the beginning of the use of participatory methodologies in veterinary epidemiology in Bolivia. - Departmental veterinarians in Bolivia – in particular Eduardo Camacho who began the process of the livestock disease prioritisation in Chuquisaca Department, Bolivia. - The British team of the UNIVEP project – in particular: Stephen Angus for suggestions on the prioritisation of livestock disease; Madelon Meijer for her contributions on the study of the Bolivian livestock sector and Mossy Avila for her help in correcting my Spanish. - Katrin Linzer at the NGO Tierra Viva, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia and Fernando Dick at the DPID, Universidad NUR, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia for their role as trainers of Bolivian veterinarians in PRA. - PASACH/DANIDA in particular the coordinator Víctor Hugo Román who facilitated the livestock disease study in the Cintis, Chuquisaca, Bolivia. - DAI/CONCADE in particular David Anderson who facilitated the livestock disease study in the Chapare, Cochabamba, Bolivia. - My friends and colleagues at VEERU, University of Reading, UK in particular Claire Heffernan for her encouragement to write up the work presented in the guide. - The Bolivian and British Governments - Ministerio de Agricultura Ganadería y Desarrollo Rural (MAGDR), Prefecturas in Bolivia and the Department for International Development (DFID), UK. - Livestock owner federations - FEGASACRUZ, FEGABENI, FEGATAR, FEGACHACO, FEDEPELE and the associations affiliated to these federations. - NGOs who work in animal production and health in Bolivia in particular - CIPCA, UNAPEGA, Unitas Procade. - Producers who took part in workshops in Bolivia and participated in disease studies. - Joachim Otte, FAO, Rome, Italy for encouraging us to put this work into print and for his opinions on the content of the guide. - FAO, Rome for funding the writing of the first version of the guide The document has involved many people and their participation and contributions are recognised. However, The views expressed in the guide are the authors and none of the above are culpable. Casilla 10474, La Paz, Bolivia. email: [email protected] page 2 of 57 The Use Of Participatory Methodologies In Veterinary Epidemiology By Jonathan Rushton and Rommy Viscarra CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................................. 2 CONTENTS................................................................................................................................................... 3 TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 GRAPHICS.................................................................................................................................................... 5 ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 6 BACKGROUND OF THE GUIDE 7 VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE ROLE OF PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGIES ................ 9 INTRODUCTION 9 THE PRIORITIZATION OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES 10 How do you make a veterinary epidemiology and a livestock disease surveillance system more participatory? ...................................................................................................................................... 11 SUMMARY 15 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPATION IN A VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM......................................................................................................................... 17 INTRODUCTION 17 MAIN ASPECTS OF PARTICIPATION 17 Know how to listen.............................................................................................................................. 17 Have an open mind............................................................................................................................. 17 Be self-critical...................................................................................................................................... 17 Be curious ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Be prepared to say that “I do not know” ............................................................................................. 18 MAIN ASPECTS OF PARTICIPATORY METHODS 18 Facilitation........................................................................................................................................... 18 Flexibility ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Triangulation or corroboration of information...................................................................................... 19 The expression of information ways that are understandable to the participants of a process.......... 19 Collect data that are useful ................................................................................................................. 19 Look for missing information............................................................................................................... 20 VOLUNTARY VERSUS OBLIGATORY PARTICIPATION 20 SUMMARY 21 INVESTIGATION OF A LIVESTOCK DISEASE OUTBREAK USING PARTICIPATORY METHODS..... 22 CASE STUDY – INVESTIGATION OF A FMD OUTBREAK IN LA PAZ CITY ABBATOIR 23 Background and secondary data........................................................................................................ 23 Investigation of the outbreak............................................................................................................... 24 Results ................................................................................................................................................ 25 REPORT AND FEEDBACK 27 OTHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN THE USE OF PARTICIPATORY METHODS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF DISEASE OUTBREAKS 28 SUMMARY 28 Casilla 10474, La Paz, Bolivia. email: [email protected] page 3 of 57 The Use Of Participatory Methodologies In Veterinary Epidemiology By Jonathan Rushton and Rommy Viscarra PRIORITIZATION OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES AT COMMUNITY LEVEL............................................... 29 INTRODUCTION 29 PLANNING A LIVESTOCK DISEASE PRIORITIZATION WITH A COMMUNITY 29 THE PALD FORMAT USED IN BOLIVIA 30 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 30 The format of the PALD workshops in Bolivia .................................................................................... 31 Workshop goal ............................................................................................................................................... 31 Workshop Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Workshop structure ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Activities ......................................................................................................................................................... 32 PALD Workshop Reports ............................................................................................................................... 44 THE USE OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS TO SUPPORT PALDS 44 PALD and regional strategies – the case of Chuquisaca Department, Bolivia .................................. 45 SUMMARY 46 MEETINGS TO RETURN INFORMATION, COORDINATE AND MONITOR ANIMAL HEALTH ACTIVITIES................................................................................................................................................. 48 INTRODUCTION 48 FEEDBACK OF RESULTS AND EXTENSION MATERIAL 48 COORDINATION AND MONITORING MEETINGS 49 SUMMARY 50 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 51 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 56 IN