COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS THESIS This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author - subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Copyright Service. sydney.edu.au/copyright The research described in this thesis, except where referenced, is the original work of the author and was a discrete project supervised by Dr Annie Clarke and Dr Peter Hobbins. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis presented by me for another degree or diploma. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. Sarah Janson June 2015 . Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in the Department of Archaeology, the University of Sydney, Australia, 2015. Cover Images: (Top) Quarantine Station Third Cemetery Vista 2014, Sarah Janson (Bottom, left to right) Grave of John Madden, Quarantine Station Third Cemetery, 2014, Sarah Janson. ‘Sitting on the Fence’, image courtesy of the National Park and Wildlife Service, Sydney Quarantine Station Collection. Angel Sculpture, Manly Cemetery, 2014, Sarah Janson. Quarantine Burial Ground c.1874, Arthur Wilmore, National Library of Australia, accessed at http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an7370584. ii For Dad and Trevor iii Statement of Authorship ........................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ................................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... xi Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Aims and Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Research Design ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Rationale ................................................................................................................................................... 4 The Sites ................................................................................................................................................... 5 North Head Quarantine Station and the Third Cemetery ............................................................ 5 Manly and Manly Cemetery .............................................................................................................. 7 Outline ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2: Mortuary Memorialisation in Context ......................................................... 10 The development of approaches to death, burial and memorialisation in archaeology ............. 10 The nature of mortuary archaeology ............................................................................................. 10 Processualist approaches ................................................................................................................. 12 Post-processualist approaches and beyond .................................................................................. 13 Cemeteries and memorialisation in Australia ................................................................................... 14 Historiographical approaches to death and memorialisation ......................................................... 17 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 3: Archaeology, Liminality and Theory ............................................................ 19 The Rite de Passage and Liminality ....................................................................................................... 19 Liminality in Archaeology .................................................................................................................... 22 Mortuary Archaeology and Liminality ........................................................................................... 23 iv Quarantine as Liminal .......................................................................................................................... 24 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 4: Methodology and Analyses ................................................................................ 28 Site Selection .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Sampling Strategy .................................................................................................................................. 28 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Analysis of Results ................................................................................................................................ 34 Materiality .......................................................................................................................................... 34 Temporality ....................................................................................................................................... 34 Spatial Organisation ......................................................................................................................... 34 Inscription Content .......................................................................................................................... 35 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 35 Chapter 5: Social and Historical Background ................................................................. 36 Historical Attitudes towards Death and Dying ................................................................................ 36 The Victorians in the Nineteenth Century ................................................................................... 36 The Twentieth Century .................................................................................................................... 39 Chinese Burial Practices in Australia ............................................................................................. 43 Disease, Quarantine and Medical Ideologies .................................................................................... 46 Quarantine in Australia and North Head Quarantine Station ................................................... 46 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 50 Chapter 6: Fieldwork Results .................................................................................................... 51 Temporality ............................................................................................................................................ 51 Materiality............................................................................................................................................... 54 Form ................................................................................................................................................... 54 Grave Type .......................................................................................................................................