UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA FAKULTETA ZA DRUŢBENE VEDE Mirja Glaser Spoštovanje domneve nedolţnosti v Slovenskih novicah pri poroĉanju o primeru Plut Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, 2010 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA FAKULTETA ZA DRUŢBENE VEDE Mirja Glaser Spoštovanje domneve nedolţnosti v Slovenskih novicah pri poroĉanju o primeru Plut Diplomsko delo Mentorici: red. prof. dr. Erika Krţišnik in izr. prof. dr. Melita Poler Kovaĉiĉ Ljubljana, 2010 SPOŠTOVANJE DOMNEVE NEDOLŢNOSTI V SLOVENSKIH NOVICAH PRI POROČANJU O PRIMERU PLUT V diplomskem delu se ukvarjam s prispevki o t. i. primeru Silva Pluta, ki so bili objavljeni v Slovenskih novicah. Gre za primer ĉloveka, ki je leta 1990 ubil svojo sošolko in sovašĉanko. Za ta zloĉin je bil pravnomoĉno obsojen in je tudi prestal zaporno kazen, po izpustitvi iz zapora pa je bil obdolţen umorov še dveh ţensk. Cilj naloge je ugotoviti, ali so novinarji Slovenskih novic pri poroĉanju o teh umorih upoštevali domnevo nedolţnosti. Zaradi svojih opaţanj pri neanalitiĉnem branju prispevkov izhajam iz predpostavke, da Slovenske novice kot tabloid domneve nedolţnosti ne spoštujejo dosledno in v nekaterih prispevkih domnevnega storilca kaznivih dejanj prikaţejo kot krivega za zloĉine, za katere mu krivda še ni bila dokazana s pravnomoĉno sodbo. To storijo z izborom jezikovnih sredstev, torej s stilom pisanja. Takšno pisanje ima senzacionalistiĉen uĉinek in je v nasprotju z normami novinarske etike pa tudi s pravnimi normami. KLJUĈNE BESEDE: domneva nedolţnosti, novinarska etika, stil, senzacionalizem, Slovenske novice CONSIDERATION OF THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE IN »SLOVENSKE NOVICE« IN THE ARTICLES ABOUT THE PLUT CASE In my thesis I write about articles on the so-called case of Silvo Plut, published in the Slovenske novice newspaper. It is the case of a man that killed his schoolmate and fellow villager in 1990. He was convicted for this crime and he also completed the sentence. After being released from prison he was charged with the murders of two other women. The aim of my thesis is to determine whether journalists of Slovenske novice newspaper took into consideration the presumption of innocence when reporting on the cases of these three murders. Because of my observations after a non- analytical reading of the articles, I am working on the supposition that the newspaper Slovenske novice as a tabloid does not respect the presumption of innocence and it sometimes presents the alleged offender as guilty of the crimes for which he has not been convicted yet. This is achieved with the selection of language tools, therefore with the style of writing. Such writing has a sensational effect and it does not comply with the norms of journalistic ethics and legal norms. KEY WORDS: presumption of innocence, journalistic ethics, style, sensationalism, Slovenske novice KAZALO 1 UVOD ........................................................................................................... 5 2 PRAVNI VIDIK .............................................................................................. 7 2.1 OPREDELITEV DOMNEVE NEDOLŢNOSTI V PRAVNIH DOKUMENTIH ...................... 7 2.2 IZVOR IN POMEN .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 KONCEPTA KRIVDE IN NEDOLŢNOSTI ................................................................................. 9 2.4 VELJAVNOST DOMNEVE NEDOLŢNOSTI ........................................................................... 11 2.5 POSLEDICE ................................................................................................................................... 12 2.6 UGOTAVLJANJE KRIVDE OZIROMA NEDOLŢNOSTI ...................................................... 13 2.7 IZREK SODBE ............................................................................................................................... 14 2.8 PRAVNI POJMI ............................................................................................................................. 14 3 NOVINARSKOETIČNI VIDIK ..................................................................... 17 3.1 DRUŢBENA VLOGA MEDIJEV IN NOVINARSTVA ............................................................. 17 3.2 NOVINARSKA ETIKA ................................................................................................................. 19 3.3 NOVINARSKI ETIČNI KODEKS IN NOVINARSKO ČASTNO RAZSODIŠČE ................. 20 3.3.1 NOVINARSTVO IN DOMNEVA NEDOLŢNOSTI .................................................................... 23 4 MEDIJSKO SOJENJE ................................................................................ 27 5 JEZIKOVNI VIDIK ...................................................................................... 29 5.1 PUBLICISTIKA V FUNKCIJSKI RAZČLENJENOSTI SLOVENSKEGA JEZIKA ........... 29 5.2 PUBLICISTIKA IN POROČEVALSTVO .................................................................................. 31 5.3 POROČEVALSKI STIL ................................................................................................................ 32 5.3.1 NASLOVI IN NASLOVJE .......................................................................................................... 34 5.3.2 UPOVEDOVANJE IN SKLICEVALNI AVTOMATIZMI GLEDE NA NEZANESLJIVOST O DOGODKU ....................................................................................................................................... 35 6 ANALIZA .................................................................................................... 38 6.1 KRITIČNA DISKURZIVNA ANALIZA KOT TEORIJA ......................................................... 38 6.1.1 KRITIĈNA DISKURZIVNA ANALIZA IN NOVINARSKI DISKURZ ........................................ 40 6.2 KRITIČNA DISKURZIVNA ANALIZA KOT METODA ........................................................ 41 6.3 ANALIZIRANO GRADIVO ......................................................................................................... 42 6.4 OPIS PRIMERA PLUT ................................................................................................................. 43 3 6.5 ANALIZA TEKSTA ...................................................................................................................... 45 6.5.1 ANALIZA OBLIKE .................................................................................................................... 45 6.5.1.1. NAPOVED PRISPEVKOV NA NASLOVNICI ............................................................. 45 6.5.1.2 STRAN OBJAVE IN OBSEG PRISPEVKOV................................................................. 45 6.5.1.3 ZGRADBA PRISPEVKOV .............................................................................................. 46 6.5.1.3.1 NASLOVJE ................................................................................................................ 47 6.5.1.3.2 FOTOGRAFIJE ......................................................................................................... 50 6.5.2 ANALIZA VSEBINE ............................................................................................................... 51 6.5.2.1 NEJEZIKOVNA ANALIZA .......................................................................................... 51 6.5.2.1.1 VIRI INFORMACIJ ................................................................................................... 51 6.5.2.2 JEZIKOVNA ANALIZA................................................................................................ 52 6.5.2.2.1 DOMNEVA NEDOLŢNOSTI .................................................................................... 52 6.5.2.2.1.1 REPREZENTACIJA ŢRTEV, DEJANJ IN SILVA PLUTA ................................. 56 6.5.2.2.1.2 KRŠITVE DOMNEVE NEDOLŢNOSTI V POSAMEZNIH ENOTAH ............... 61 6.5.2.2.1.2.1 V NASLOVJU ........................................................................................... 61 6.5.2.2.1.2.2 V MEDNASLOVIH .................................................................................. 68 6.5.2.2.1.2.3 V JEDRU BESEDIL .................................................................................. 69 6.5.2.2.1.2.4 V OKVIRJIH ............................................................................................. 72 6.5.2.2.1.2.5 V NAPISIH POD FOTOGRAFIJAMI ...................................................... 75 6.5.2.2.1.3 USTREZNOST RABE PRAVNIH TERMINOV .................................................. 77 6.5.2.2.3 STILNE ZNAĈILNOSTI ............................................................................................ 80 6.5.2.2.3.1 FRAZEMI .......................................................................................................... 84 6.6 ANALIZA DISKURZIVNIH PRAKS ............................................................................................. 88 6.6.1 TVORJENJE BESEDIL ......................................................................................................... 88 6.6.1.1 SLOVENSKE NOVICE ................................................................................................. 89 6.7 ANALIZA DRUŽBENE PRAKSE: TRŽNO NOVINARSTVO ..................................................... 90 6.7.1 SENZACIONALIZEM ............................................................................................................ 91 7 SKLEP ........................................................................................................ 94 8