Personal Account DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000153 A Review on Heavy Metal Ions and Containing Dyes Removal Through Graphene Oxide-Based Adsorption THE Strategies for Textile Wastewater CHEMICAL RECORD Treatment Sasireka Velusamy, Anurag Roy, Senthilarasu Sundaram,* and Tapas Kumar Mallick[a] Abstract: Textile wastewater heavy metal pollution has become a severe environmental problem worldwide. Metal ion inclusion in a dye molecule exhibits a bathochromic shift producing deeper but duller shades, which provides excellent colouration. The ejection of a massive volume of wastewater containing heavy metal ions such as Cr (VI), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) and metal- containing dyes are an unavoidable consequence because the textile industry consumes large quantities of water and all these chemicals cannot be combined entirely with fibres during the dyeing process. These high concentrations of chemicals in effluents interfere with the natural water resources, cause severe toxicological implications on the environment with a dramatic impact on human health. This article reviewed the various metal-containing dye types and their heavy metal ions pollution from entryway to the wastewater, which then briefly explored the effects on human health and the environment. Graphene-based absorbers, specially graphene oxide (GO) benefits from an ordered structured, high specific surface area, and flexible surface functionalization options, which are indispensable to realize a high performance of heavy metal ion removal. These exceptional adsorption properties of graphene-based materials support a position of ubiquity in our everyday lives. The collective representation of the textile wastewater‘s effective remediation methods is discussed and focused on the GO-based adsorption methods. Understanding the critical impact regarding the GO-based materials established adsorption portfolio for heavy metal ions removal are also discussed. Various heavy-metal ions and their pollutant effect, ways to remove such heavy metal ions and role of graphene-based adsorbent including their demand, perspective, limitation, and relative scopes are discussed elaborately in the review. Keywords: Adsorption, Graphene Oxide, Heavy metal removal, Textile effluent treatment, Wastewater treatment methods 1. Introduction which increase the demand for clean water. Water pollution has been attributed due to the ability of water to dissolve more The rapid industrialisation, urbanisation and population have substances than any other liquid on the earth. This character- created huge stress on water usage and polluted drastically, istic makes water pollution easily, and water resources such as rivers, reservoirs, lakes and our ocean are drowning in chemicals, waste, plastics and other toxic pollutants. The [a] S. Velusamy, A. Roy, S. Sundaram, T. Kumar Mallick Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, number of individuals living in water scare areas will increase Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, U.K to around 3.9 billion by 2030, as assessed by the World Water E-mail: [email protected] Council.[1] The current and forthcoming water scarcity has © 2021 The Authors. Published by The Chemical Society of Japan & increased the need for wastewater treatment and fit for Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of household activities, industries or agricultural activities. the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial NoDerivs Li- cense, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided Textiles manufacturing is a large industry globally that the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no generates significant quantities of wastewater. Wastewater modifications or adaptations are made. management and potable water purification are crucial to Chem. Rec. 2021, 21, 1–42 © 2021 The Authors. Published by The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH GmbH Wiley Online Library 1 Wiley VCH Donnerstag, 04.02.2021 2199 / 191960 [S. 1/42] 1 Personal Account THE CHEMICAL RECORD sustain human society's rapid development and mitigate chemicals and materials, having the proportion of untreated environmental pollution and health hazards. Leaching harmful wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse substances and accordingly, their contamination has come to globally” by 2030.[2,3] The research addresses other sustainable be seen as a societal problem and has caused health problems development goals (SDGs), including among other things: for millions of people. Figure 1 shows the schematic represen- SDG3 (good health); SDG11 (sustainable communities); and tation of water pollution originates from industries effluent. SDG12 (responsible consumption).[4] Textile industrial wastewater pollution is a particular threat to In this scenario, wastewater treatment becomes of topmost water resources and a growing economy. An estimated importance. The discharge from different range of industries 38354 million litres per day (MLD) sewage is generated in such as textile industries, paper and pulp industries, dye and India's major cities, but the sewage treatment capacity is only dye intermediates industries, pharmaceutical industries, tan- of 11786 MLD. Similarly, only 60% of industrial wastewater, nery industries, paint industries and kraft bleaching industries mostly large-scale industries, is treated. India’s environmental are considered a wide variety of organic pollutants introduced technology sector is expanding rapidly, with evident business into the natural water resources from which textile industries opportunities for pollution abatement technology innovations. (54%) generates half of the existing dye effluents seen in the The United Nations (2015: 6.3) has specifically targeted world-wide environment followed by the dyeing industries improvements to “water quality by reducing pollution, (21%), paper and pulp industries (10%), tannery and paint eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous industries (8%) and the dye manufacturing industries (7%) Sasireka Velusamy is a postgraduate re- Senthilarasu Sundaram is a Senior Lecturer searcher working in wastewater treatment, in Renewable Energy at the College of especially textile wastewater remediation Engineering, Mathematics and Physical using a graphene membrane. Her research Sciences (CEMPS) at the University of interest is in the heavy metal pollution Exeter. He has been in energy materials assessment and removal using graphene and device architecture for the past 20 membrane from the textile industries. She years since he started his PhD career at received her MPhil degree from Bharathi- Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. dasan University, India and her Master Dr. Sundaram is an expert in materials degree from Bharathiar University, India. design for energy conversion, water treat- ment and engineering for solar cell devices. Anurag Roy is a postdoctoral researcher in He has published more than 130 articles the Environment & Sustainability Insti- in the international journals and 70 articles tute, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, in the reputed conferences. U.K. He has a PhD in Chemistry from CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Prof. Tapas Mallick is a Chair in Clean Institute, Kolkata, India. He is one of the Technologies in the University of Exeter leading young researchers at the material and experts in applied solar technologies. science interface between chemistry and Prior to joining the UoE, he was at physics aspects and recognized as such in Heriot-Watt University where he led the the community. His work focuses on “Applied Solar Energy Research” and the structure-property-performance relation- “Concentrating Solar Energy” group with- ship establishment for functional nano- in the Scottish Institute for Solar Energy structured materials regarding their ad- Research – SISER. He has published over vanced photovoltaic and wastewater 280 articles and holds a pending patent on treatment purpose. He is a fellow of solar technology. His research focuses on Indian Chemical Society, and Scholars energy conversion using solar technologies Academic and Scientific Society. He has and applications in the Food-water-energy also awarded with INSPIRE PhD fellow- nexus area. ship (Govt. of India), Newton-Bhabha PhD placement program, JUICE (India- UK) Overseas placement, GW4 Climate symposia etc. Chem. Rec. 2021, 21, 1–42 © 2021 The Authors. Published by The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH GmbH Wiley Online Library 2 Wiley VCH Donnerstag, 04.02.2021 2199 / 191960 [S. 2/42] 1 Personal Account THE CHEMICAL RECORD Figure 1. Schematic representation of water pollution originates from industries effluent. shown in Figure 2.[5] These industries' effluents cause severe inant role in the textile industry: China, United States, environmental impact, especially from the textile industry. It Pakistan, Brazil, Indonesia, Taiwan, Turkey, Bangladesh, and generates a massive impact on our ecosystem because around South Korea. India is one of the largest textile producers, 10,000 different textile dyes are produced based on a colour contributing 5% of GDP (Gross domestic product), 14% of index, resulting in the production of ~700,000 tons of dye the industrial production contribution and 13% of export production worldwide.[6] Among the effluent mentioned contribution earnings. Moreover, nearly 45 million peoples are above, the textile industry's discharging industries play a major directly employed by this industrial sector. The textile industry role