CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Information for Parks, Federal Agencies, Indian Tribes, States, Local Governments, and the Private Sector CRM VOLUME 20 NO. 5 1997 Altogether Fitting and Proper Saving America's Battlefields U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE CRM CELEBRATING 20 YEARS OF PUBLICATION NATIONAL PARK SERVICE VOLUME 20 NO. 5 1997 To promote and maintain high standards Contents ISSN 1068-4999 for preserving and managing cultural resources Altogether Fitting and Proper ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Saving America's Battlefields CULTURAL RESOURCE STEWARDSHIP AND PARTNERSHIPS Katherine H. Stevenson Foreword 3 Edwin C. Bearss EDITOR Ronald M. Greenberg Working Together 4 Tanya M. Gossett PRODUCTION MANAGER Karlota M. Koester Catalyst for Battlefield Preservation The Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Study 7 GUEST EDITOR Jan Townsend Tanya M. Gossett Planning Partnerships Work ADVISORS The Chattanooga Area Civil War Sites Assessment 11 David Andrews Patrick Reed, James Ogden III, and Chris Abbett Editor, NPS Joan Bacharach Takings Law Museum Registrar. NPS Fact and Fiction 15 Randall J. Biallas Historical Architect NPS Catharine M. Gilliam Susan Buggey An Uphill Battle for Recognition 19 Director, Historical Services Branch Parks Canada Tersh Boasberg John A. Bums Architect, NPS Treatments for Historic Battlefield Landscapes 21 Harry A. Butowsky Charles A. Birnbaum Historian, NPS Pratt Cassity Preserving Civil War Sites Executive Director. Maryland's Voluntary Easement Strategy 23 National Alliance of Preservation Commissions H. Grant Dehart Muriel Crespi Cultural Anthropologist, NPS Lee vs. Grant Mark R. Edwards Battlefields and Tourism in Virginia 28 Director, Historic Preservation Division, State Historic Preservation Officer, Georgia David Ruth and Mike Andrus Roger E. Kelly Archeologist NPS Better Planning Through GIS Antoinette J. Lee Battlefield Management Efforts at CAST 32 Historian, NPS R. Brian Culpepper John Poppeliers International Liaison Officer Mapping Battlefields 34 for Cultural Resources, NPS David W. Lowe CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Preserving Kentucky's Civil War Legacy 35 Stephen A. Morris Joseph E. Brent Outdoor Recreation Planner, NPS Kay D. Weeks A Small Battlefield with Many Friends 39 Technical Writer-Editor, NPS Phyllis Baxter CONSULTANTS Revolutionary Preservation 42 Wm. H. Freeman Design, Imaging. Production-Freeman Publishing Services Nancy V. Webster Janice C. McCoy National Historic Landmark Battlefields 46 Editing-Editorial Notes Susan Escherich An electronic version of this issue of CRM can be accessed through the CRM homepage at <http:/Avww.cr.nps.gov/crm>. Cover photo, see story page 35. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles, news items, and correspondence to the Editor, CRM (2250), U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, P.O. Box 37127,Washington, DC 20013-7127; (202-343-3395, Fax 202-343-S260, Internet: [email protected]). 2 CRM m 5—1997 Foreword he most significant and positive result from the acrimonious eighth battle of Manassas, which concluded in 1988 with the addition of 560 acres of Tland to Manassas National Battlefield Park at the cost of nearly $130 mil­ lion, was heightened national interest in preservation and interpretation of our coun­ try's historic battlefields, particularly those associated with the Civil War. This led to two significant actions by the United States government. In late November 1990, President George Bush signed into law legislation for­ warded by the 101st Congress establishing the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC). The Commission was to identify the nation's historically significant Civil War sites; determine their relative importance; determine their condition; assess threats to their integrity; and recommend alternatives for their preservation and interpretation. That same year, Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan, Jr. created the American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP), which was to be administered by the National Park Service. The ABPP's mission was to provide leadership on the federal level in building private-public partnerships that resulted in battlefield preservation without involving federal land purchases. In 1993, the CWSAC submitted its report to Congress and disbanded. Since that time, the American Battlefield Protection Program has administered and monitored the CWSAC's recommendations. More importantly, the ABPP has continued to provide lead­ ership and coordination in building partnerships by bringing together diverse con­ stituencies throughout the nation in the interest of battlefield preservation and interpretation. It has also been a catalyst for the burgeoning interest in heritage tourism and traveling Americans' long romance with the Civil War, its significance, personae, and personalities. The ABPP is not a "big buck" government program. With a small sum of federal seed money—never more than $750,000 in a fiscal year—it has succeeded in generating projects valued at millions of dollars that have given impetus to the protection, preserva­ tion, and interpretation of battlefields in 20 states and the District of Columbia. As a federal employee for nearly half a century, first in the Marine Corps and then in the National Park Service, I have seen few, if any, federal programs that are as cost effective and constructive as the American Battlefield Protection Program. The following essays, I trust, will inspire the reader to share my enthusiasm for the program. —Edwin C. Bearss Historian Emeritus National Park Service CRM N2 5—1997 3 Tanya M. Gossett Working Together here has been a remarkable cusses in her article, the ABPP was born of the national effort in the 1990s to pro­ controversial and costly battlefield preservation tect, preserve, and interpret United solution achieved at Manassas in the late 1980s. States battlefields, particularly Civil The ABPP's mission is to help avert last-minute, War battlefieldsT . The federal government, numer­ reactive preservation and to promote community- ous state and county governments, and countless based solutions. private citizens have helped identify and save Planning and stewardship are two key objec­ some of this nation's most important historic tives. The ABPP encourages public and private landscapes. This special issue of CRM is dedi­ partners to identify and evaluate battlefields as cated to the historians, planners, archeologists, early as possible so that information about them elected and appointed officials, private property can be incorporated into land use, site manage­ owners, and concerned citizens who have worked ment, economic development, and tourism plans. tirelessly to transform the status of an entire type This effort helps avert crises that can divide com­ of cultural resource from the obscure and threat­ munities and lead to the destruction of important ened to the prominent and protected. historic sites. The National Park Service's American Ever-shrinking budgets for federal land man­ Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) is the prin­ agement agencies necessitate increasing commit­ cipal federal partner in this national initiative. The ment to battlefield preservation at the state and ABPP provides guidance, support, and seed local levels. The ABPP fosters non-federal steward­ money for battlefield preservation, planning, inter­ ship of historic battlefields by working with private pretation, and education. As Jan Townsend dis­ landowners, developers, battlefield friends groups, National Battlefield Organizations These national organizations support battlefield preservation and work cooperatively with the American Battlefield Protection Program. There also are numerous state and local battlefield preservation organizations that would welcome your support. Association for the Preservation National Parks and Conservation Association of Civil War Sites 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 200 11 Public Square, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20036 Hagerstown, MD 21740 (202) 223-6722 (301) 665-1400 National Trust for Historic Preservation The Civil War Trust 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW 2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1120 Washington, DC 20036 Arlington, VA 22201 (202) 673-4000 (703)516-4944 Natural Lands Trust, Inc. The Conservation Fund Hidacy Farms Civil War Battlefield Campaign 1031 Palmers Mill Road 1800 North Kent Street Media, PA 19063 Arlington, VA 22209 (610) 353-5587 (703) 525-6300 For information about local battlefield preservation organizations mentioned in this issue of CRM, please contact the ABPP at the National Park Service, Heritage Preservation Services, P.O. Box 37127, Suite 250, Washington, DC 20013, (202) 343-9505, or <http:/Avww2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/>. 4 CRM N2 5—1997 state and local officials, and others to create opportunities for preservation. The program encourages its partners to champion battlefields ISTEA Enhancement Funds and associated historic sites as valuable commu­ nity assets, such as recreational open space, out­ In 1991, Congress passed the door classrooms, and tourist destinations. Intermodel Surface Transportation Efficiency As large cultural landscapes, surviving bat­ Act (ISTEA), which authorized federal funds tlefields associated with the French and Indian over six years for highways, highway safety, War, the American Revolution, the War of 1812,