BELGIAN MONITORING CENTRE FOR DRUGS AND DRUG ADDICTION Scientific Institute of Public Health OD Public health and Surveillance 2012 NATIONAL REPORT (2011 DATA ) TO THE EMCDDA BY THE REITOX NATIONAL FOCAL POINT “BELGIUM” New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX Belgian national report on drugs 2012 OD Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health, October 2011, Brussels, Belgium WIV-ISP/EPI REPORTS Belgian national report on drugs 2012 Els Plettinckx Jerome Antoine Kaatje Bollaerts Peter Blanckaert Johan C.H. van Bussel EMCDDA Management Board Mr. Claude GILLARD , Legal adviser, Head of the Department of criminal law, Direction Générale de la législation du Service Public Fédéral Justice Dr. Philippe DEMOULIN , Deputy Director General f.f., Administration de la Communauté française de Belgique EMCDDA Scientific Committee Prof. Dr. Brice DE RUYVER , Full Professor, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy (IRCP), University of Ghent Ministers involved in the global and integrated drug policy in Belgium 2012 For the Federal State: Mr. Elio DI RUPO , Prime Minister. Mrs. Laurette ONKELINX , Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Public Health and Social Affairs, in charge of Beleris and the Federal Cultural Institutions. Mme. Joelle MILQUET, Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of the interior and Equal Opportunities. Mr. Didier REYNDERS, Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and European Affairs. Mr. Steven VANACKERE , Vice-Prime Minister, and Minister of Finance and sustainable development, in charge of official affairs. Mr. Vincent VAN QUICKENBORNE , Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of Pensions. Mr. Johan VANDE LANOTTE , Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of Economy, Consumers and North Sea. Mme Sabine LARUELLE , Minister of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Self- employed persons and Agriculture. Mr. Pieter DE CREM , Minister of Defense. Mr. Paul MAGNETTE , Minister of Public Enterprise, Science Policy and development cooperation, in charge of Big Cities. Mme. Annemie TURTELBOOM , Minister of Justice. Mr. Olivier CHASTEL , Minister for Budget and Simplification Mme. Monica DE CONINCK , Minister of Work. Mr. Philippe COURARD , State Secretary for Social Affairs, Family, Persons with Disabilities, in charge of employment risks. Mr. Melchior WATHELET, State Secretary for environment, energy, Mobility and state reform. Mr. Servais VERHERSTRAETEN, State Secretary for state reform, Facility Management, in charge of Official Affairs. Mme. Maggie DE BLOCK, State Secretary for Asylum, Migration, Social Integration and Poverty Reduction Mr. Hendrik BOGAERT, State secretary for Official Affairs, Modernization of the Public Services. Mr. John COMBREZ , State Secretary for the fight against social and fiscal fraud. For the Walloon Region: Mr. Paul FURLAN, Minister of Local Authorities, Towns and Tourism . Mme. Eliane TILLIEUX , Minister of Health, Social Action and Equal Opportunities . For the Brussels Capital Region: Mr. Charles PICQUE , Minister -President of the Brussels -Capital Region. For the Flemish Community and Flemish Region: Mr. Jo VANDEURZEN , Flemish Minister for Welfare, Public Health and Family. For the French Community: Mr. André ANTOINE , Vice-Prime Minister, Minister for the Budget, Finance, Employment, Training. Mme Fadila LAANAN , Minister for Culture, the Audiovisual Sector, Health and Equal Opportunities . For the German-speaking Community : Mr. Harald MOLLERS, Minister of Family, Public Health and Social Affairs. For the communal Community Commission: Mr. Benoit CEREXHE , Member of the Joint Board of the Common Community Commission (COCOM), responsible for Health and Civil Service Policy Mr. Jean-Luc VANRAES , Member of the Combined College of the Common Community Commission (COCOM), responsible for Health Policy, Finance, the Budget and Foreign Relations. For the French Community Commission: Mr. Benoit CEREXHE , Member of the board of the French Community Commission (COCOF), responsible for Civil Service, Health and Vocational Training for the Self-Eemployed Table of Content Summary............................................................................................................... III PART A New developments and trends.............................................................. 1 Chapter 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis........... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4 2. Legal framework ....................................................................................................................... 4 3. National action plan, strategy, evaluation and coordination ............................................... 5 4. Economic analysis ................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2. Drug use in the general population and specific targeted-groups19 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 20 2. Drug use in the general population ...................................................................................... 20 3. Drug use in the school and youth population ..................................................................... 21 4. Drug use among targeted groups / settings at national and local level ........................... 24 Chapter 3. Prevention......................................................................................... 31 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 32 2. Environmental prvention ....................................................................................................... 35 3. Universal prevention .............................................................................................................. 39 4. Selective prevention in at-risk groups and settings ........................................................... 47 5. Indicated prevention ............................................................................................................... 53 6. National and local media campaigns .................................................................................... 54 Chapter 4. Problem Drug Use ............................................................................ 55 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 56 2. Prevalence and incidence estimates of PDU ....................................................................... 56 3. Data on PDUs from non-treatment sources ......................................................................... 60 Chapter 5. Drug related treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability............................................................................................................ 65 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 66 2. General description, availability & quality assurance ........................................................ 66 3. Access to treatment ............................................................................................................... 73 Chapter 6. Health correlates and consequences ............................................. 94 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 95 2. Drug-related infectious diseases .......................................................................................... 95 3. Other drug-related health correlates and consequences ................................................. 102 4. Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug users .............................................................. 109 Chapter 7. Responses to health correlates and consequences ................... 112 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 113 2. Prevention of drug-related emergencies and reduction of drug-related deaths ........... 113 3. Prevention and treatment of drug-related infectious diseases ....................................... 118 4. Responses to other health correlates among drug users ................................................ 121 Chapter 8. Social Correlates and Social reintegration................................... 122 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 123 2. Social exclusion and drug use ............................................................................................ 126 3. Sociale reintegratie ............................................................................................................... 134 Chapter 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison ............................................................................................................................ 140 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 141 2. Drug-related crime ...............................................................................................................