ReBuilDD Field Trip September 2011 RECONSTRUCTION IN CHILE POST 2010 EARTHQUAKE Stephen Platt Rebuilding, Cerro Centinela, Talcahuano, Concepción, Chile UNIVERSITY OF ImageCat CAMBRIDGE CAR Field Trip to Chile, September 2011 i Published by Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd. CURBE was established in 1997 to create a structure for interdisciplinary collaboration for disaster and risk research and application. Projects link the skills and expertise from distinct disciplines to understand and resolve disaster and risk issues, particularly related to reducing detrimental impacts of disasters. CURBE is based at the Martin Centre within the Department of Architecture at the University of Cambridge. About the research This report is one of a number of outputs from a research project funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), entitled Indicators for Measuring, Monitoring and Evaluating Post-Disaster Recovery. The overall aim of the research is to develop indicators of recovery by exploiting the wealth of data now available, including that from satellite imagery, internet-based statistics and advanced field survey techniques. The specific aim of this trip report is to describe the planning process after major disaster with a view to understanding the information needs of planners. Project team The project team has included Michael Ramage, Dr Emily So, Dr Torwong Chenvidyakarn and Daniel Brown, CURBE, University of Cambridge Ltd; Professor Robin Spence, Dr Stephen Platt and Dr Keiko Saito, Cambridge Architectural Research; Dr Beverley Adams and Dr John Bevington, ImageCat. Inc; Dr Ratana Chuenpagdee, University of Newfoundland who led the fieldwork team in Thailand; and Professor Amir Khan, University of Peshawar who led the fieldwork team in Pakistan. The Steering Committee included Professor Arleen Hill, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Memphis, USA; Professor Peter Atkinson, School of Geography, University of Southampton, UK; Professor Ian Davis, Cranfield University, UK; Mr. Doekle Wielinga, World Bank. Second edition 1 August 2012 ISBN 978-0-9558384-7-7 All rights reserved. This material is copyright but may be reproduced by any method without fee for educational purposes but not for resale. Formal permission is required for all such uses but normally will be granted immediately. For copying in other circumstances or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the copyright owner. Field Trip to Chile, September 2011 ii Reconstruction in Chile post 2010 Earthquake Stephen Platt Field Trip to Chile, September 2011 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The funding for this field trip was provided by the EPSRC. ReBuilDD is a consortium of Cambridge University, Cambridge Architectural Research, ImageCat and the Humanitarian Centre. Stephen Platt is Chairman of Cambridge Architectural Research. We received the most generous help and hospitality from everyone we met in Chile. In particular: Central government planners Professor Marcial Echenique, Asesor Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones (MTT) Cristián López Ugalde, Unidad transporte Sustenible y Urbanismo Asesor, Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicacions (MTT) clopezu@mttcl Pablo Allard Serrano, Formerly Coordinador Nacional Programa de Reconstrucción Urbana, Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo MINVU, currently Decano de la Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile Slaven Razmilic Burgos, Head of the Urban Observatory Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo MINVU. [email protected] Planning Team from Universidad de Bio-Bio seconded to master plan reconstruction of coastal settlements Dr. Ivan Cartes Siade, Formerly decano de la Facultad de Arquitectura, Construcción y Diseño, Universidad Bio-Bio [email protected] Carolina Arriagada Sickinger, [email protected] Dr. Sergio Baeriswyl, [email protected] Igor Bacigaluppi [email protected] Darwin Diminguez, [email protected] Javier Carrasco Eade, [email protected] Local authority planners Marissa Macchiavello Goldberg, Arquitecto Asesor SECPTA [email protected] Maria Luz Gejareio Salazar , Arquitecto Asesor SECPTA [email protected] Jose Gonzalez Godoy, Director de Planificacion, SECPLAN, Municipalidad de Arauco [email protected] Architects and Academics Dr. Rodrigo García Alvarado, Roberto Lira Olmo, Director Laboratorio Estudios Urbanos, Universidad de Bio-Bio Claudio Araneola, Director Magister Didáctica Proyectual Olavo Escorcia Oyolo, Prof Invitado de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia Cristian Bustos Erwenne, PhD student studying coastal settlements, Universidad de Bio-Bio [email protected] Francisco Donoso Tagle, Architect Escuela de Arquitectura, Universidad Diego Portales. [email protected] Residents of Dichato and Tubul, Arauco. James Dunn Reyes, restaurant El Candil, Dichato. Juan Rivera Carmiolo, Fisherman, Presidente de JJVV, local residents’ association Ingrid Mabel Liviante Alvanado, Committee member JJVV, local residents’ association Patricia Soledad Jaur Muñoz, Committee member JJVV, local residents’ association Margarita Yisti Yana, Committee member JJVV, local residents’ association Field trip organisation: Guillermo Guzman Dumont, Lecturer Department of Architecture, University of Nottingham, who organized the field trip. [email protected] Ariel Chiang, Architect, Santiago, Chile. [email protected] Field Trip to Chile, September 2011 iv CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii Introduction 1 The Maule Earthquake 2 Damage in Concepción 2 Damage in Talcahuano 4 Damage in Coastal Settlements 6 Tumbes 6 Dichato 7 Tubul 8 Planning process 10 National Plan 10 Coastal settlement planning 11 Use of geospatial technology 16 Information used by coastal planning team 16 Reconstruction 21 Reconstruction of Coastal Settlements 21 Tumbes 21 Dichato 22 Tubul 26 Reconstruction in Concepción and other cities 31 Summary and Conclusions 32 Response to the earthquake 32 Reconstruction in Chile 33 Issues with the existing planning system 33 Problems of missing data and GIS use in Chile 34 Coastal settlement master planning 34 Reconstruction information needs 34 References 37 Field Trip to Chile, September 2011 v INTRODUCTION This is a report of a field trip, 10–18 September 2011, to some of the areas affected by the Maule Chilean earthquake of 27 February 2010 by Stephen Platt of Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd. In brief, I visited three cities: Concepción, Viña del Mar and Valparaiso, that were subject to earthquake damage and three small coastal settlements, Tumbes, Dichato and Tubul, Region Bio-Bio, that were hit by the subsequent tsunami. I interviewed senior people in the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Housing and Urbanism responsible for coordinating national reconstruction, people in Bio-Bio responsible for reconstruction in that region and residents in the coastal settlements. The field trip took place between 10–18 September 2011, 18 months after the event. I spent five days based in Concepción, from where I visited the city centre, San Pedro, Talcahuano, Hualpén, Coronel, Arauco and the coastal settlements of Caleta de Tumbes, Dichato and Tubul. I spoke to academics, urban master planners, municipal planners and local residents. I spent three days in Santiago and visited Viña del Mar and Valparaiso and spoke to Study area around Concepción planners and functionaries in the Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Housing and Urbanism. The trip was part of a follow-on project funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) the main aim of which was to explore the potential for operationalising a method of using satellite imagery analysis to track recovery after major natural disasters. Aims The field trip had two main aims: 1 To better understand the process of reconstruction in Chile. 2 To see if the ReBuilDD method of using satellite imagery to monitor and evaluate reconstruction would be or would have been useful in Chile. This enquiry was guided by three basic questions: 3 How is reconstruction measured and monitored at the moment? 4 Do you think imagery analysis has a part to play? 5 Which indicators and information would be useful? Field Trip to Chile, September 2011 1 THE MAULE EARTHQUAKE The Maule Chile earthquake of 8.8Mw occurred at dawn (3:34am) on the 27 February 2010 at a depth of 35 km (USGS). The event was centred 200 miles southwest of Santiago with a rupture zone of 500-600 km. The earthquake triggered a tsunami whose waves hit the Chilean coast and caused severe damage to many coastal settlements. (Lubkowski et al, 2010) The earthquake affected more than 2 million people, but despite the magnitude of the event, there were few major structural collapses and a relatively low death toll of 500-600. (USGS, 2011) The standard of construction in Chile is generally good. (Booth, 1988) The earthquake is believed to be the fifth most powerful since seismic measurements began. A comparison of GPS locations from before the event to those 10 days later revealed that Santiago moved about 30cm to the southwest. It even knocked Earth a little USGS Intensity Map Earthquake 27/2/10 off its axis. Nasa calculated the tremors moved the Earth’s axis about 8cm and shortened the length of the day by about one-millionth of a second. (Daily Mail, 2010) Of the 7,250 highway bridges in Chile just over 200 were damaged and 18 collapsed. (US Dept Transportation, 2011) Chile offers important lessons in disaster resilience and