Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2018. 30(12): 1006-1013 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i12.1879 http://www.ejfa.me/ REGULAR ARTICLE Influence of cultivation methods on the chemical and nutritional characteristics of Lentinula edodes Fabiane Bach1*, Cristiane Vieira Helm2, Edson Alves De Lima2, Marcelo Barba Bellettini3, Charles Windsnon Isidoro Haminiuk4 1Federal University of Paraná, R. Cel. Francisco Heráclito dos Santos 210, Polytechnic Campus, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 2Embrapa Forestry. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, km 111, Estrada da Ribeira, 83411-000, Colombo, PR, Brazil, 3Federal University of Paraná, R. Cel. Francisco Heráclito dos Santos 210, Polytechnic Campus, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 4Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University Technological of Paraná, Via Rosalina Maria dos Santos 1233 Campo Mourão Campus, CEP 87301-899, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil ABSTRACT Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) is an edible mushroom with excellent nutritional potential, aroma and flavor. It’s traditionally produced on wood logs, but this practice has been replaced by cultivation on axenic substrates (AS) made from different materials that are stored in plastic bags. This papper aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition of L. edodes grown on Quercus acutíssima (QA) and AS by correlating their chemical composition with the media on which they were grown. Culture media were analyzed for their density, moisture content, ash, extractives, lignin (soluble and insoluble) and holocelulose before L. edodes inoculation, as well as after the second consecutive harvest this mushrooms. The mushrooms from the second harvest of each culture media were characterized regarding their moisture content, protein, ash, lipids, dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble),α , β and glucanas total, carbohydrates and minerals. Mushrooms cultivated on AS showed higher protein content, macrominerals and lipids, when compared to mushrooms cultivated on QA. AS initially contained lower lignin content, less holocelulose and a reduced C:N ratio when compared to QA. The results showed that the composition of the culture medium influenced the nutritional composition of L. edodes mushrooms. Keywords: C:N ratio; Glucan; Lignocellulosic substrates; Mineral content; Mushroom production INTRODUCTION Asian origin) ranks second, behind Champignon (Gaitán- Hernández et al., 2011). Edible mushrooms provide high-quality protein and present a higher productivity and biological efficiency than Commercial interest in L. edodes mushrooms has increased animal protein. They are rich in dietary fiber, minerals and in recent years, mainly due to its high value in the vitamins and have a low lipid content, as well as a high international market, which occurred not only because of proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Jonathan et al., its considerable nutritional potential and excellent aroma 2013). As they have a high protein •and a low fat content, and taste, but also due to its medicinal properties (Gaitán- mushrooms are excellent foods to be used in low-calorie Hernández, et al., 2011). Like many other mushrooms, diets (Ribeiro et al., 2009). L. edodes has a high nutritional value and contributes to a healthy diet. Edible mushroom production in Brazil is still restricted to the southeast and southern regions due to favorable L. edodes is a lignocellulolitic fungus, which provides an weather conditions. The most cultivated and consumed enzyme system that allows it to use complex carbon species are of European and Asian origin, such as Agaricus sources such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (Andrade bisporus (Champignon), Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) and et al., 2013). The chemical composition of mushrooms is mushrooms of the Pleurotus (Shimeji) genus. Among edible directly influenced by the chemical composition of the mushrooms species produced worldwide, L. edodes (of substrate on which the fungus is grown, which allows the *Corresponding author: Fabiane Bach - Bach. F, Federal University of Paraná, R. Cel. Francisco Heráclito dos Santos 210, Polytechnic Campus, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Tel: +55 (41) 3675 5600, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 21 March 2018; Accepted: 10 November 2018 1006 Emir. J. Food Agric ● Vol 30 ● Issue 12 ● 2018 Fabiane Bach, et al. accumulation of certain macro- and micronutrients (Bento; QA and AS were analyzed in two stages: in the absence of Casaril, 2012). fungal inoculum (starting time) and after the second fruiting and harvesting of L. edodes (end time). The mushrooms Traditionally, L. edodes is grown on tree trunks, of species from the second fruiting of the culture media studied were such as eucalyptus, oak, mango and avocado. Quercus analyzed. All analyzes were performed at the Brazilian acutissima (sawtooth oak or Japanese oak) is native to Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Forestry) East Asia, and can be found throughout China. It has a laboratories, located in Colombo, Paraná State, Brazil. significant ecological and commercial importance, and is commonly grown in North America. Q. acutissima Characterization of growing material of l. Edodes provides excellent material for the construction industry QA: the basic density was determined according to NBR and charcoal production, and it can also be used in the 11941-02 (ABNT, 2003); the apparent density is obtained cultivation of edible fungi cultivation (Zhang et al., 2013). from the basic density, considering the moisture content of the wood. Moisture was determined by kiln-drying at Mushroom cultivation utilizing tree logs has recently 105°C until a constant weight. The fixed mineral residue been replaced by cultivation on substrates prepared under (ash) was obtained by burning it in a wood oven at 550°C controlled conditions and stored in plastic bags (bag-log until it reached a constant weight. Wood material extractives cultivation) (Piccinin et al., 2010). The substrates can be were quantified according to NBR 14853 (ABNT, 2010a). made from various forest and/or agro-industrial residues Insoluble lignin content was determined according to NBR available in an area where mushrooms are grown (Andrade 7989 (ABNT, 2010b) and the percentage of acid-soluble et al., 2013). lignin was obtained from the absorbance measurement in the ultraviolet (205 nm) in a spectrophotometer, In Brazil, the most widely used forest residue is made according to Dence (1992). The fraction of holocellulose from the Eucalyptus genus, although such tree is not native (hemicellulose pulp) was calculated by difference, with to Brazil (Andrade et al., 2013). Sugarcane bagasse, corn 100 g (dm), minus the sum of the remaining constituents straw and corncobs are among types of agro-industrial measured in dm. Elemental carbon (C), hydrogen (H), waste that have been gaining ground as substrate material. nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) levels were determined Furthermore, supplementation of the substrate with wheat using an elementary analyzer equipment CHNS (CHNS bran, rice, soya, oats or corn, improves nutrient availability, Elementar, model Vario MACRO Cube, Langenselbold, leading to better mycelial growth (Gaitán-Hernández et al., Hesse, Germany). The analysis was performed with 2011; Junior; Paccola-Meirelles, 2010; Regina et al., 2009). A three replications. The oxygen content was obtained by balanced mix of these types of waste is arranged in sterile difference, considering 100 g minus the sum of the other plastics bags (axenic substrate) to prevent contamination of elements (CHNS). the culture medium. The main advantages of this method include a shorter duration period for the mushroom AS: The apparent density, both at baseline and at the cultivation cycle and higher yields (Sánchez, 2004). end-point, was determined according to Equation 1. The mass of a portion of the AS was obtained on a precision The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical and scale and the volume of that portion was measured by biochemical composition of L. edodes mushrooms grown an adaptation of the method described by Machado and on Q. acutíssima and axenic substrate and to correlate Pereira (2010). mushroom composition with its growth media. m ρ = s (1) s v MATERIAL AND METHODS s Samples Where ρs is the density, ms is the mass and vs is the AS Lentinula edodes mushrooms produced on Quercus acutissima volume. The other analyses in QA were also applied to AS (QA) (sawtooth oak) and the logs of this wood, were (start and end time). provided by producers in the city of Campina Grande do Sul, Paraná State, Brazil. Samples of L. edodes produced on Calculations for determining the nutrients consumption axenic substrate (AS) were provided by producers in the present in qa and the as by l. Edodes town of Cornélio Procópio, Paraná State, Brazil. AS was To determine the biomass loss of both the wood and prepared with sawdust (40%), eucalyptus sawdust (43%), substrate after 2 cycles of L. edodes mushroom fruiting, wheat bran (12%), maize germ (4%) and limestone (1%). Equation 2 (Global Mass Balance) was used: Emir. J. Food Agric ● Vol 30 ● Issue 12 ● 2018 1007 Fabiane Bach, et al. M=M +M (2) Mineral content was quantified following instructions set se c out by Silva (1999), Sarruge and Haag (1974) and Nogueira and Souza (2005). After nitro-perchloric digestion, Where M and M are the masses, start and end times, the s e macronutrients sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were QA or AS, respectively; and M is the mass consumed by c determined in a spectrophotometer flame. Calcium (Ca)