"~), ~ ',0 )/)'./ iiJ G./) / .,' it-3~" - - ' REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION (TB 10/2/12/92-93) DRAFT TECHNICAL REPORT T9: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT AUGUST 1995 Prepared by = ~.-~~.. INTER­ WELLFIELD ·i i,.. CO'ISULT in association with BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Keyworth, Nottingham, UK MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION Technical Report T9 August 1995 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Usable potable water supplies are limited to the Matsheng village areas. Economic fresh water supplies identified during recent groundwater investigations are located in village areas of Lokgwabe and Lehututu. Brackish water supplies identified outside the village areas are not available for use by livestock using communal grazing areas as they are either in areas already occupied or in areas with other land use designations. 2. No significant usable water supplies were identified in the communal grazing areas through the MAGI programme, and based on the available geophysical evidence, the chances of striking groundwater supplies for livestock in Matsheng communal areas are poor. 3. Total water consumption in the Matsheng area during the past year (to May 1995) is estimated at 254,200m' (697 m' per day). Of this amount about 150,000 m' (60%) are consumed by livestock watered at about 150 wells, boreholes and dams on pans. 4. Matsheng village households using public standpipes consume about 670 litres per household per week, or 20 litres per person per day (67% of the 30 litre DWA standard rate for rural village standpipe users). Residents of the four RAD settlements served by council bowsers received a ration of about 7 litres per person per day, or just 23% of the DWA standard. 5. All members of an average Matsheng household spend a total of about 1hr 35 min. making 4.1 trips to standpipes each day, carrying an average 1S.7 litres of water per trip. 6. Improved living conditions are one of the major benefits from reticulated village water supplies. The amount of time and energy spent on water collection have been reduced, especially for adult women. Economic opportunities are created by reticulated village water supplies (particularly for building, beer brewing and cooking) and there are valuable time savings for other activities. Impacts on health and hygiene have been significant in terms of access to cleaner drinking water, inereased washing and cleaning. Domestic duties (washing and cooking) are performed with greater ease and frequency. 7. Reticulated village water supplies are an improvement over traditional well water supplies in nearly all respeets. Everyone is afforded more or less equal access to an improved water supply, and dependency of most of the Matsheng population on well owners for their water supplies has been eliminated. S. Consumers with metered private water connections are paying only a small percentage of the gazetted water tariffs, or 45-50t per m' regardless of quantities consumed. This results in huge savings to high-volume water users and proportionate losses to the KDC, whilst encouraging waste of water resources. Water production costs are estimated at PS to P9 per m'. from Matsheng VWS, and at about P25 - P30 per m' from diesel-powered reverse-osmosis desalination. Costs of water delivered to RAD settlements varies between about P 150 and P 250 per m' depending on the distance from sources. 9. Lehutshelo Community Junior Secondary School and Matsheng Development Trust Brigades together account for more than 60% of water consumed through institutions (about 46.5 m' per day). Most of this water goes towards flood irrigation of vegetable gardens, brick moulding and construction. 10. Construction and brick moulding account for about half of the commercial water consumption (about 65 m' per day). BRmSH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WELLFIELD CONSULTING SERVICES Keyworth P.O.Box 1502 Nottingham, UK Gaborone, Botswana MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION Technical Report T9 August 1995 11. Water losses through leakage from VWS systems are relatively low. This results from both the fair condition of the systems and the small amounts of water available to users at any given time resulting from both high demand and low water pressure. 12. There are indications that rates of water abstraction from some wells and bore holes in Tshane, Lehututu and Hukuntsi are higher than recharge rates, Water levels in some livestock wells have fallen and some wells have dried up, particularly during the 1994 and 1995 dry seasons. 13. Though delivery of VWS and water point distribution have improved considerably, water supplies are still inadequate in Hukuntsi and Lehututu, with regular shortages occurring, especially during the summer months. 14. Despite salinity and high levels of nitrates pollution, water quality in the Matsheng villages is considered relatively good (by Kgalagadi standards) and health risks from water-related diseases caused by micro-organisms and pathogens are low. 15. Water abstraction rates required to meet projected increases in demand of between 90% and 145% (not including water for livestock) in the Matsheng area over the next ten years are theoretically achievable, based on very limited testing results from several new boreholes drilled at Lehututu and Lokgwabe. However, lack of data on the impacts of water abstraction and recharge rates make it impossible to speculate on how long such levels of abstraction might be sustained. The very limited extent of the shallow freshwater aquifers around pans indicates the possibility of rapid depletion, and development of these aquifers must be approached with caution. 16. Improved communications are now in place to stimulate economic development, but apart from support to public services and related infrastructure, and lacking new water supplies in communal areas, there are few opportunities, apart from tourism, which are likely to attract investment to the area. 17. The construction industry will continue to be the largest commercial water consumer and demand in this sector is expected to grow by 30-50% (to around 60 m' per day) over the next decade based on existing infrastructure planning. Building contractors and brick moulders using VWS enjoy savings of up to 90% on water tariffs, depending on consumption rates since they pay only 45-50t per m'. 18. Under the present high-cost, low-volume tourism development strategy adopted by government, expensive facilities of a high standard are expected to be developed by lease holders. This is likely to require more infrastructural development than local operators can afford in Kgalagadi District, where all types of tourism should be considered as potential economic opportunities. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WELLFIELD CONSUL'DNG SERVICES Keyworth P.O.Box 1502 Nottingham, UK Gaborone, Botswana MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION Technical Report 1'9 August 1995 LIST OF ACRONYMS AD Agricultural Demonstrators (MoA) ALDEP Arable Lands Development Programme ARDP Accelerated Rural Development Programme (MLGL) BGS British Geological Survey BH Borehole CDO Community Development Officer CHA Controlled Hunting Area (DWNP) CJSS Community Junior Secondary School CSO Central Statistics Office (MFDP) CTO Central Transport Organisation DAHP Division of Animal Health and Production DDP District Development Plan DPSR Div. of Planning, Statistics and Research (MLGLH) DTRP Department of Town and Regional Planning (MLGLH) DWA Department of Water Affairs (MMRWA) DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks (MCI) FAB Forestry Association of Botswana FAP Financial Assistance Programme GOB Government of Botswana GPT Galvanised Panel Tank GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic (tank) HH Household KDC Kgalagadi District Council LBRP Labour-based Relief Project (Drought Relief) LSU Livestock Unit MAGI Matsheng Area Groundwater Investigation MDTB Matsheng Development Trust Brigade MLGLH Ministry of Local Government Lands and Housing MMRWA Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs MoA Ministry of Agriculture MWTC Ministry of Works Transport and Communications NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PDL Poverty Datum Line (CSO) PET Potential Evapo-Transpiration RAD Remote Area Dweller S&CD Social and Community Development Dept. (KDC) TDS Total Dissolved Solids (water quality / salinity) TGLP Tribal Grazing Lands Policy TKR Trans Kalahari Road VADP Village Areas Development Programme VDC Village Development Committee VWS Village Water Supply (WWD) WCS Wellfield Consulting Services WDC Ward Development Committee WHO World Health Organisation WMA Wildlife Management Area WWD Water and Wastewater Department (KDC) BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WELLFIELD CONSULTING SERVICES Keyworth P.O.Bcx 1502 Nottingham, UK Gaboronc, Botswana MATSHENG AREA GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION Technical Report T9 August 1995 LIST OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION. .. 1 2 BACKGROUND. .. 2 3 EXISTING WATER SUPPLIES. ................... .... ... .......... 4 3.1 Boreholes and Wells ............................................... 4 3.2 Village Water Supply Systems ........................................ 5 3.3 Water Quality .... .. 6 4 WATER CONSUMPTION ................................................ 8 4.1 Household Water Consumption ..... .. 9 4.2 Institutional Water Consumption ..................................... 10 4.3 Water for Livestock. .. 11 4.4 Commercial Water Consumption ....... .. 12 5 FUTURE WATER DEMAND ............................................ 14 5.1 Household Water Requirements ..................................... 14 5.2 Institutional