ACT-FIELD SCHOOL PROJECT REPORTS AND MEMOIRS SPECIAL VOLUME, 1 ISMEO BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE IN THE SWAT VALLEY, PAKISTAN Stupas, Viharas, a Dwelling Unit doMenico faccenna Piero sPagnesi with the collaboration of luca M. olivieri foreword by Marco Mancini and adriano rossi 2nd Edition PAKISTAN-ITALIAN DEBT SWAP PROGRAM italian archaeological Mission in Pakistan directorate of archaeology and MuseuMs, kP Province This Volume is published thanks to the generous support of ISMEO and Università di Bologna “Alma mater Studiorum”, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Printing costs were generously supported by a private grant. Layout and graphic by BraDypUS BraDypUS.net COMMUNICATING CULTURAL HERITAGE The Volume is realized in collaboration with the Sapienza - Università di Roma Dipartimento di Storia, Disegno e Restauro dell’Architettura. Editing by Elisabetta Valento and Erika Vecchietti. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE IN THE SWAT VALLEY, PAKISTAN. Stupas, Viharas, a Dwel- ling Unit, by Domenico Faccenna and Piero Spagnesi, with the collaboration of Luca M. Olivieri, foreword by Marco Mancini and Adriano Rossi 2nd edition ISBN: 9788898392315 ISBN-A (doi) 10.978.8898392/315 This work is released nder the following terms: Attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial - You may not use the material for commercial purposes. NoDerivatives - If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may No additional restrictions - You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. Full text of the licence available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0. 2015 BraDypUS Editore via Aristotile Fioravanti, 72 40129 Bologna CF e P.IVA 02864631201 http://bradypus.net http://books.bradypus.net [email protected] Cover: the Stupa of Amluk-dara (February 2012). (Photo by Luca M. Olivieri) ACT-FIELD SCHOOL PROJECT REPORTS AND MEMOIRS a series edited by Luca M. OLivieri and M. NasiM KhaN (from September 2013) PUBLICATION PLAN (to date) Volume I (2013) CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN SWAT DISTRICT (2011-2013) KHYBER-PAKTHUNKHWA – PAKISTAN THE NEW SWAT ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM architecturaL study aNd MasterpLaN Ivano Marati and Candida Vassallo Volume II (2014) EXCAVATIONS AND CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES IN SWAT DISTRICT (2011-2013) KHYBER-PAKTHUNKHWA – PAKISTAN. 1 THE LAST PHASES OF THE URBAN SITE OF BIR-KOT-GHWANDAI (BARIKOT) THE BUDDHIST SITES OF GUMBAT AND AMLUK-DARA (BARIKOT) Luca M. Olivieri and others Volume III (in preparation) EXCAVATIONS AND CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES IN SWAT DISTRICT (2011-2013) KHYBER-PAKTHUNKHWA – PAKISTAN. 2 EXCAVATIONS AT THE PROTOHISTORIC GRAVEYARDS OF GOGDARA AND UDEGRAM Massimo Vidale and others RESTORATION AND CONSERVATIONS ACTIVITIES AT SAIDU SHARIF I AND JAHANABAD Edited by Luca M. Olivieri Special Volume, 1 (2014) BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE IN THE SWAT VALLEY, PAKISTAN. STUPAS, VIHARAS, A DWELLING UNIT Domenico Faccenna and Piero Spagnesi ARCHAEOLOGY COMMUNITY TOURISM - FIELD SCHOOL (ACT) archaeology coMMunity tourisM -field school (act) a Project by Pakistan-italian debt swa P agreeMent (Pidsa) iMPleMented by italian archaeological Mission in Pakistan directorate of archaeology and MuseuMs, khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province with the collaboration of istituto sindacale Per la cooPerazione allo sviluPPo (iscos-cisl) under the vigilance of dePartMent of archaeology and MuseuMs Ministry of inforMation, broadcasting and national heritage, governMent of Pakistan technical suPPort by Pidsa technical suPPort unit - islaMabad funded by Ministero Per gli affari esteri (Mae) direzione generale Per la cooPerazione italiana allo sviluPPo (dgcs, ufficio v) unità tecnica locale (utl) Pakistan, cooPerazione italiana allo sviluPPo (italian develoPMent cooPeration - local technical unit, Pakistan) eMbassy of the italian rePublic in Pakistan, islaMabad suPPorting institutions Ministero Per gli affari esteri (Mae), direzione università di bologna “alMa Mater studioruM”, generale Per la ProMozione del sisteMa Paese diPartiMento di beni culturali (ufficio vi) università del salento, centro di datazione e istituto suPeriore Per la conservazione e il diagnostica (cedad) restauro (iscr), Ministero dei beni, delle università di firenze, diPartiMento di gestione dei attività culturali e del turisMo (Mibact) sisteMi agrari, aliMentari e forestali Ministero dei beni, delle attività culturali e del università di Padova, diPartiMento di beni turisMo (Mibact), direzione generale Per il culturali: archeologia, storia dell’arte, del Paesaggio, le belle arti, l’arte e l’architettura cineMa e della Musica conteMPoranee università di Perugia, diPartiMento di scienze Ministero dei beni, delle attività culturali e del uMane e della forMazione turisMo (Mibact*), soPrintendenza Per i beni archeologici del friuli venezia giulia università di firenze, facoltà di architettura, diPartiMento di costruzioni e restauro university of engineering and technology, Peshawar university of Pennsylvania, dePartMent of art history’s williaMs fund Quaid-i azaM university, taxila institute of asian civilization, islaMabad drexel university, PhiladelPhia, art and art history dePartMent hazara university, dePartMent of archaeology, eMbassy of the islaMic rePublic of Pakistan in school of cultural heritage and creative italy, roMe technologies general consulate of the islaMic rePublic of hazara university, dePartMent of conservation Pakistan, new york studies civil Military logistic center (cMlc), 19th università “federico ii” di naPoli, facoltà di division, Pakistan arMy, Mingora architettura, diPartiMento di tecnica delle costruzioni ManageMent and technical staff luca M. olivieri, co-scientific director, Project balQees beguM durrani, doaM kP Manager (isiao and university of bologna) rePresentative fazal dad kakar, co-scientific director nawaz-ud-din, doaM kP rePresentative (doaM, govt. of Pakistan; until aPril 2011) syed M. niaz ali shah, doaM kP saleh MohaMMad (late), co-scientific director rePresentative (doaM kP; until july 2011) saeed akbar, tourist consultant nidaullah serai, co-scientific director (doaM MassiMo vidale, chief trainer (university of kP; until january 2012; aPril-august 2013) Padova) shah nazar khan, co-scientific director Michele cuPitò, trainer (university of Padova) (doaM kP; until aPril 2013) roberto Micheli, trainer, (Mibact*) MohaMMad nasiM khan, co-scientific director (doaM kP, current) francesco Martore, restorer (isiao) arshad khan, honorary Project advisor fabio coloMbo, restorer (isiao) feryal ali-gohar, Project consultant giusePPe Morganti, consultant restorer (Mibact) irMa gjinaj, financial Manager (iscos; until sePteMber 2011) roberto sabelli, consultant restorer (university of florence) Mario barberini, financial Manager (iscos) francesco genchi, trainer (university of shehryar Mannan rana, adMinistrator bologna) M. hafeez (doaM, govt. of Pakistan) edoardo loliva, PhotograPher (iscr) ivano Marati, architect M. aurangzaib khan, PhotograPher candida M. vassallo, architect ilaria scerrato (university of roMe 1) zareef khan, site engineer shafiQ ahMad, Project assistant roberto dentici, technical advisor (March-june akhtar Manir, field officer 2012) ali khan, driver sher ali khan, site assistant fazal Mabud, driver faiz-ur-rahMan, doaM kP focal Person, curator swat MuseuM haMid shehzad, driver aManullah afridi, doaM kP rePresentative, aziz-ur-rahMan, guesthouse Manager assistant curator swat MuseuM ubaid khan, english teacher Munir, doaM kP, technical resPonsible swat Murad, artist MuseuM A note to readers This is the 2nd edition, in digital format, of a volume published in 2014 in Pakistan (Sang e-Meel). The content remains unvaried, the only change is the medium. The digital volumes published by BraDypUS are not only a vehicle of research and Heritage. For this reason, and to encourage accessibility, we have chosen the free distribution of the work on the web. August 2015, The editorial board (bradypus.net) Table of Contents Foreword xv Marco Mancini and Adriano Rossi The legacy of Domenico Faccenna. A note xvii Luca Maria Olivieri Graphic Symbols and Terminology xxi Introduction 1 A. StupAS 7 A1. Stupa of Gharasa (Dangram) 9 The Site 9 Bibliography and Documentation 9 The Stupa 10 1st Storey, Quadrangular in Plan 11 2nd Storey, Circular in Plan 11 3rd Storey, Circular in Plan 12 4th Storey, Circular in Plan (Drum) and 5th Storey, 12 Raised Dome with Internal Structures Reconstruction 13 A2. Stupa of Jurjurai 27 The Site 27 Bibliography and Documentation 27 The Stupa 28 1st Storey, Quadrangular in Plan 29 2nd Storey, Circular in Plan 29 3rd Storey, Circular in Plan (Drum) 30 4th Storey, Raised Dome 30 Chattravali Disc 30 Reconstruction 31 A3. Stupa of Loebanr 57 The Site 57 Bibliography and Documentation 58 The Stupa 58 Double Platform; Stairways 59 1st Storey, Quadrangular in Plan; Stairway 59 Cell 60 2nd Storey, Circular in Plan; Stairway 60 3rd Storey, Circular in Plan (Drum); 4th Storey, Raised Dome 61 Internal Structure 61 Reconstruction 62 A4. The Stupas of Arapkhanchina (Shararai) 87 The Site 87 Bibliography and Documentation 87 The Stupas 89 Stupa I 89 Stupa II 89 1st Storey, Quadrangular in Plan 89 2nd Storey, Circular in Plan 90 3rd Storey, Circular in Plan (Drum) 90 4th Storey, Raised Dome 90 Chattravali Disc 90 Stupa III 91 1st Storey, Quadrangular in Plan 91 2nd Storey, Circular