Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2009 How Does a Democratic Brazil Constrast with Authoritarian Brazil in Terms of Promoting Human Security? Pablo Albuquerque Banhos Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Banhos, Pablo Albuquerque, "How Does a Democratic Brazil Constrast with Authoritarian Brazil in Terms of Promoting Human Security?" (2009). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 972. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/972 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HOW DOES A DEMOCRATIC BRAZIL CONSTRAST WITH AUTHORITARIAN BRAZIL IN TERMS OF PROMOTING HUMAN SECURITY? A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By PABLO A. BANHOS B.A., Political Science and International Studies, Wright State University, 2006 2009 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES December 14, 2009 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY PABLO A. BANHOS ENTITLED HOW DOES A DEMOCRATIC BRAZIL CONSTRAST WITH AUTHORITARIAN BRAZIL IN TERMS OF PROMOTING HUMAN SECURITY? BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. ______________________________ December Green, Ph.D. Thesis Director ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of International- Comparative Politics Program Committee on Final Examination: ___________________________________ December Green, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Kelli Zaytoun, Ph.D. Department of English ______________________________ Joseph F. Thomas Jr., Ph.D. Dean, School of Graduate Studies ABSTRACT Banhos, Pablo A. M. A., International and Comparative Politics M. A. Program, Wright State University, 2009. How Does A Democratic Brazil Contrast With Authoritarian Brazil In Terms Of Promoting Human Security? This study compares and contrasts two distinct regimes, the Brazilian military regime (1964-1985) and Brazil’s current democratic regime (1985-2007). The focus of this thesis is to determine why, compared to the authoritarian regime, human security has improved measurably under democracy in some areas but not in others. To assess this paradox, one variable has been chosen: the rule of law, specifically conceptualized as violations of physical integrity. This research centers on the metropolitan areas of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and is based on a qualitative examination supplemented by quantitative evidence. The study finds that violations of physical integrity need to be reevaluated more comprehensively, as failures to make progress in this area of human rights so often contribute to the deterioration of legitimacy of both regime types, in Brazil and elsewhere. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….………...1 1.1. Statement of the Problem…………………….………………………….…..3 1.2. Literature Review……………………………………………….……….…..5 1.3. Methodology……………………………………………………………….14 1.4. Chapter Outline……………………..……………………………………...14 2. The Rule of Law in Authoritarian Brazil…………………………………………….16 2.1. A Brief History of Institutional Violence………………………………….18 2.2. The Structure of the Brazilian Police- A Historical Overview.....................22 2.3. The Beginning of Authoritarian Rule (1964)...............................................25 2.4. Structure of the Brazilian Police During the Coup and Stabilization (1964-1967).…….……………………………………………………........27 2.5. Structure of the Brazilian Police During the Linha Dura (1968-1973).......29 2.6. Structure of the Brazilian Police During the Distensão and Abertura (1974-1985)..................................................................................................33 2.7. Death Squads in Brazil………………….……………………….………...35 2.8. Death Squads During the Military Dictatorship (1964-1985).………….....40 2.9. Violations of Physical Integrity During the Coup and Stabilization (1964-1967)..................................................................................................42 2.10. Violations of Physical Integrity During Linha Dura (1968-1973).………..45 2.11. Violations of Physical Integrity During the Distensão and Abertura (1974-1985).……………………………………………………………….50 2.12. Conclusion………………………………………………………………....54 3. The Rule of Law in Democratic Brazil………………………………………….......55 3.1. Structure of the Brazilian Police During the Neves/ Sarney Presidency (1985-1989).…………………………………………………..56 3.2. Structure of the Brazilian Police During the Collor/ Franco Presidency (1990-1994)………………………………………………………………..61 3.3. Structure of the Brazilian Police During the Cardoso Presidency (1995-2003).………………………………………………………………66 3.4. Structure of the Brazilian Police During the Lula Presidency (2003-2007).………………………………………………………………71 3.5. Violations of Physical Integrity During the Neves/ Sarney Presidency (1985-1989)..……………………………………………………………...74 3.6. Violations of Physical Integrity During the Collor/ Franco Presidency (1990-1994).………………………………………………………………78 iv 3.7. Violations of Physical Integrity During the Cardoso Presidency (1995-2003)….……………………………………………………………..83 3.8. Violations of Physical Integrity During the Lula Presidency (2003-2007)………………….…………………………………………….86 3.9. Death Squads During the New Democratic Regime (1985-2007).………..90 3.10. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………94 4. Analysis of Findings: Contrasting Democratic Brazil with Authoritarian Brazil: The Rule of Law……………………………………………………………………..95 4.1. Violations of Physical Integrity by State and Nonstate Actors……………95 4.2. Institutional Violence……………………………………………………...98 4.3. Noninstitutional Violence………………………………………………...103 4.4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………..107 5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….....110 References………………………………………………………………………….......118 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Brazil’s Historical Hierarchical System……………………………………….8 Table 2.1: Historical Uprisings in Brazil and State Action……………………………...19 Table 2.2: Institutional Violence in Brazil……………………………………………….20 Table 2.3: Brazil’s Most Prominent Institutional Acts...……………..…………………26 Table 2.4: Suspected Death Squad Murders in the State of Rio de Janeiro (1958- 1968)……………………………………………………………………………………..38 Table 2.5: Rate of Institutional Violence (1964-1985).………………………………….43 Table 2.6: Brazil’s Military Presidents During the Dictatorship (1964-1985).………….51 Table 2.7: Military Police Killings in São Paulo (1960s-1980s).………………………..53 Table 3.1: Military Police Killings in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (1983- 1989)……………………………………….....................................................................77 Table 3.2: Homicide Rates in the U.S., Japan, and Europe (1970-1990).........................79 Table 3.3: Homicide Rates in the Americas (1993)..........................................................80 Table 3.4: Homicide Rates in the Americas (Late 1980s and Early 1990s).....................80 Table 3.5: Military Police Killings in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (1991- 1994)……………………………………………………………………….....................82 Table 3.6: Institutional Killings in São Paulo (1995-2003).…………………….............84 Table 3.7: Institutional Killings in São Paulo (2003-2007)..............................................87 Table 3.8: Suspected Death Squad Victims by Number and Year in the State of São Paulo (1985-1999)............................................................................................................91 Table 4.1: Disappearances in Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay (1975 and 1979)….........99 Table 4.2: Institutional Killings in São Paulo (1964-2007).……………………………102 Table 4.3: Homicide Rates in São Paulo (1960-2007).……….......................................104 vi Table 4.4: Suspected Number of Death Squad Victims in the State of São Paulo (1965-2000)………….…………..................................................................................106 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS ALN: Action for National Liberation (Ação Libertadora Nacional) ARENA: Alliance of National Renovation (Aliança Renovadora Nacional) CNBB: Brazilian Confederation of National Bishops DEIC: Department of Criminal Investigations (Departamento Estadual de Investigações Criminais) DFSP: Federal Department of Public Safety (Departamento Federal de Segurança Pública) DOI/CODI: Directorate of Defense and Operations (Destacamento de Operações de Informações/ Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna) DOPS: Department of Political and Social Order (Delagacia de Ordem Política e Social) EM: Motorized Patrol Group GOE: Special Operations Group (Grupo de Operações Especiais) IA: Institutional Acts (Atos Institucionais) IBGE: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) INI: National Institute of Identification (Instituto Nacional de Identificação) MDB: Brazilian Democratic Movement (Movimento Democrático Brasileiro) MR-8: Revolutionary Movement 8th October (Movimento Revolucionário de Oito de Outubro) OBAN: Operation Bandeirantes (Operação Bandeirantes) RONE: Civil Police Night Patrol Group (The