Mitochondrial DNA Structure of Pyganodon grandis (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from the Lake Erie Watershed and Selected Locations in its Northern Distribution Author(s): Robert A. Krebs Brian D. Allen, Na'Tasha M. Evans and David T. Zanatta Source: American Malacological Bulletin, 33(1):34-42. Published By: American Malacological Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4003/006.033.0105 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4003/006.033.0105 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. 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Bull. 33(1): 34–42 (2015) http://www.bioone.org/toc/malb/33/1 Mitochondrial DNA structure of Pyganodon grandis (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from the Lake Erie watershed and selected locations in its northern distribution Robert A. Krebs1, Brian D. Allen1, Na’Tasha M. Evans1 and David T. Zanatta2 1 Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44115- 2406 U.S.A. 2Department of Biology, Institute for Great Lakes Research, Central Michigan University, 335 Brooks Hall, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859 U.S.A. Correspondence, Robert A. Krebs: [email protected] Abstract: The distribution of Pyganodon grandis (Say, 1829) and the entire community of unionid freshwater mussels within the Laurentian Great Lakes became greatly reduced following invasion of dreissenid mussels. While some populations remain, how much gene fl ow still occurs is not known, nor has the level of population structure been examined within a large lake subsequent to dreissenid infestation. Pyganodon grandis is a common and relatively abundant lacustrine species that utilizes diverse host fi sh, and, therefore, it may disperse as much as or more than any other unionid species in the region. To test for population structure, we examined a fragment of the maternal mtDNA COI gene from 300 individuals encompassing shallow areas from Lake Erie’s western and central basins, Sandusky Bay, Lake St. Clair, and the upper Niagara River. Another 94 individuals from the upper Great Lakes and upper Mississippi River watersheds were added to the analysis. A total of 34 different haplotypes were found for P. grandis in the Lake Erie watershed, but just one was common and composed > 80% of all individuals. No other haplotype exceeded a frequency of 2% and most were found only once. Just thirteen haplotypes were found west of Lake Erie, and only the common haplotype and one other were shared with the Lake Erie watershed. However, structure in haplotype frequencies and the presence of one very different clade were limited to samples abutting the Red River of the North. Thus recent population declines in Lake Erie appear not to have signifi cantly impacted levels of genetic variation. Key words: conservation, driftless area, freshwater mussels, gene fl ow, glaciation, streams The diverse fauna of native freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Watters et al. (2009) list over 40 confi rmed and potential host Unionidae) in Lake Erie (Graf 2002) has experienced habitat fi sh species. Therefore, P. grandis may be better able than most degradation, species invasions, and eutrophication (Hartman native freshwater mussels to recolonize habitat and to main- 1973), but a precipitous decline began after the invasion of tain gene fl ow across great distances (Haag 2012). zebra and quagga mussels from the Black and Caspian Seas To assess populations affected by dreissenid mussels, exten- (Schloesser and Nalepa 1994, Schloesser et al. 1996), beginning sive surveys focused on identifying potential refuges along Lake with Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) about 1986 followed Erie’s American coast (Prescott 2014, Zanatta et al. pers. comm.), by Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (Andrusov, 1897) in the early during which mantle tissue clips were collected. Targeted habitat 1990s (Hebert et al. 1989, Mills et al. 1993). Species that once were those areas likely to possess soft or fi ne sand sediments that would have littered beaches with their shells (Goodrich and allow unionids to burrow (Nichols and Wilcox 1997), areas of Vander Schalie 1932) had largely disappeared by the 1990’s, yet high productivity to reduce food competition with dreissenids in the last few years, surveys conducted along shorelines, in (Higgins and Vander Zanden 2010), and regions where water river mouths, marshes and shallow coastal areas suggest some level fl uctuations, wave action, offshore currents or other fea- recovery along the lake (Crail et al. 2011). tures periodically produce shallow water depths (Schloesser et al. The state of recovery of mussels is diffi cult to assess 1997, McGoldrick et al. 2009, Sherman et al. 2013). Known ref- because populations are generally small and scattered (Sherman uges have included Crane Creek (Bowers and de Szalay 2004, et al. 2013). Pyganodon grandis (Say, 1829) is a fast growing 2005), Metzger Marsh (Nichols and Wilcox 1997, Nichols and lacustrine species (Haag 2012) that is still considered wide- Amberg 1999) and Presque Isle Bay (Schloesser and Masteller spread and common in North America (www.natureserve. 1999) of Lake Erie, and the delta region of Lake St. Clair (Zanatta org). The species possesses hooked glochidia that are typical of et al. 2002, Sherman et al. 2013, Lucy et al. 2014). We collected unionids described as generalists in host use (Hoggarth 1999). across all of these areas as well as shallow zones of Sandusky Bay In P. grandis, the glochidia are held in a marsupium along the and river mouths along the American side of Lake Erie. outer gills and released