Pupils’ Report Card on Water, Hygiene and Sanitation Service Delivery in Selected Ugandan Primary Schools: A Summary of findings from an Integrated Water and Sanitation Project in Rubaga and Makindye Divisions Kampala District: With Funding from Community Integrated Development Initiatives and Misereor KZE of Germany. Pupils’ Report Card on Water, Hygiene and Sanitation Service Delivery in Selected Ugandan Primary Schools: A Summary of findings from an Integrated Water and Sanitation Project in Rubaga and Makindye Divisions Kampala District: With Funding from Community Integrated Development Initiatives and Misereor KZE of Germany. Authors: Dennis Nabembezi1 and Rose Mwambazi2 1 NaNa Development Consultants Ltd 2 Community Integrated Development Initiatives 3 1 performance of children4 and over 60 days 1.0 IntroductIon: of school are missed through sickness due to illness that is caused by poor water and pparently approximately 4 billion sanitation in school in both Africa and Asia cases of diarrhea each year cause 2.2 . In order to improve on the WASH con- million deaths, mostly among chil- A ditions of the school children in Kampala dren under the age of five2 and diarrhea district, Community Integrated Development is now the biggest killer of children under Initiatives (CIDI) in partnership with five on the African continent. Deaths that Misereor KZE of Germany is implement- is preventable up to 90% through access ing an Integrated Water and Sanitation to sanitation, hygiene education and clean Programme (IWASA II) in Five (5) parishes water3. of Kampala namely; Kibuli, Kabalagala, In 2010 approximately 32% and 27% of Kibuye (Makindye Division) and Ndeeba, Ugandans both in rural and urban did not Kabowa (Rubaga division) since 2009. have access to decent place of human waste The project aims at addressing the prob- deposal and continued to practice open def- lems of poor access to clean water, poor ecation (OD) and the in primary schools garbage disposal, poor sanitation and countrywide the pupil to stance ratio stood hygiene conditions, for improved health and at 47:1 in 20094. Also on average 78% of household incomes in the targeted school Ugandans did not wash hands during criti- communities. cal times which increased the likelihood of This report card therefore presents find- diarrhea and other related health burden. ings on the levels of service delivery among Promotion of good water hygiene and sani- school children about water, hygiene and tation is crucial for the well being and school sanitation in the targeted schools after proj- 1 World Health Organization report 2000 ect intervention. 2 WaterAid 2010 3 Ministry of Water and Environment, Joint Sector Performance Review 2009 4 World Health Organization report 2010 4 ate random numbers. The first 25 numbers corre- sponding with the first 25 names of students on the class list were selected. A total of 100 students from each school were selected making a total sample size of 400 students from the five schools using a 95% confidence interval. The questionnaire was administered by a group of trained research assistants who guided the students during the process. All filled questionnaires were collected, checked for completeness and entered into a data base designed access. All questionnaires ethods were double entered 2.0 M : for consistence and analyzed using SPSS. A survey questionnaire was developed to Descriptive statistics were used to describe collect primary data from students attending the relationships between variables using four primary schools (Kabalagala Parents, both frequencies, percentages and cross Kibuye Primary school, Noordin Islamic tabulations where relationship between primary school and St. Augustine Primary more than one variable was necessary. School) taking part in the project to asses the level of WASH service delivery. A ques- tionnaire of 50 close ended questions was developed on themes of the project which included demographic characteristics, Water, Hygiene, Sanitation, Hygiene and WASH pro- motion. The questionnaire lasted for an average of 45 minutes to 1 hour from both the pilot exercise and the actual survey fielding. The survey adopted a simple random sampling technique to select survey participants. The process started by obtaining class lists of all students from the school {Class four (P.4) to seven P.7)}. In each class a sample of 25 students was generated using the random sequence generator to gener- 5 3.0 results: Figure 2: Age of the respondents Age in years 13-14 Years 3.1 Social Demographic 15-16 Years Characteristics: 8% 09-10 Years Sex: 34% 27% An equal number of boys (50%) and girls (50%) took part in the survey. However an analysis among the schools found that 32% some schools had more boy participants 11-12 Years than girls for example Kabalagala Parents Primary school had more boys (57) and only age of the respondent 54 girls. Kibuye primary school had a sharp contrast between girls and boys where 61 However it was further found that Kibuye were girls and only 36 were boys. Noordin Primary School had majority (11) of their Primary school (42 girls and 60 boys) and students in the age bracket of 15-16years St Augustine primary school (42 girls and and Noordin primary school had the young- 47 boys). est population of students between the ages of 9-10 years (37). Figure 1: Sex of the Respondents Sex across the schools Figure 3: Cross tabulation of age across schools 60 Age across schools 40 39 37 36 35 35 32 40 31 30 28 27 25 No. of Students 25 23 20 20 18 No. of Students 15 11 10 9 0 7 Kabalagala Kibuye P/SNoordin P/S St. Augustine 5 4 School 3 Sex Boy 0 Girl Kabalagala Kibuye P/S Noordin P/S St. Augustine School Age 09-10 Years 11-12 Years Age 11-12 Years 11-12 Years Majority (34%) of the respondents were between the age of 13-14 Yrs, (32%) 11-12 School Section Years, 27% were between 9-10 years and Majority (60%) of the respondents was 8% between 15-16 years. boarding students and only 40% were day scholars. 6 Figure 4: School Section Kibuye Primary school had the majority (87) boarding students while Kabalagala parents School Section had the majority (67) day students and Kibuye the least (10) day students. Boarding 60% Figure 5: Cross tabulation of school n and school section Sectio School Section Day 40% St. Augustine 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Noordin P/S Kibuye P/S School A simple look at the distribution of students Kabalagala across the day and boarding sections among 0 20 40 60 80 100 the schools revealed that St Augustine had No. of students School Section Day the least number (38) if boarding students, Boarding 7 3.2 Water Hygiene and school toilets had a urinal facility attached Sanitation (WASH) Situations and separated for both girls and boys. They also had some shelter for privacy purposes School Sanitation (90%). Only 10% of the students indicated Having a clean and safe place for human that their facilities did not provide adequate waste disposal is the first step towards bet- privacy which may affect the use of those ter sanitation therefore the survey wanted facilities by the students. to understand how many of the students can recognize a safe and clean toilet if their Does your school toilet have separate stances for school had one in place. boy and girls? Lack of adequate sanitation facilities has Does your school have a toilet facility, which type been identified as one of the reasons why and is the facility separate for girls and boys? the girl child dropout rates in school is higher 1 We found that 98% of the respondent rec- than boys . Many schools have a tendency ognized that their school had a clean and of having the same stances being used by safe place of human disposal while only 3% boys and girls at the same time due to inad- were not satisfied by the facility at school as equate resources. This eventually affects the a clean and safe toilet. girls’ use of the facility due to their nature and cultural orientation. The survey there- fore found that 95% of the respondents VIP toilets (71%) were the most popular recognized that there school had separate toilet type among the schools, fallowed by stances for both girls and boys and only 5% flush toilets (15%), then Ecsan (8%) and declined to answer to this question. then other types of toilet (7%). This may be due to the costs involved in the construc- tion of the VIP toilet, ease to use and clean, Separate latrine stances: maintenance costs to mention but a few Figure 7: Separate stances over other toilet technologies in the area. Separate stances 100 Figure 6: School toilet 80 Toilet type 0thers 60 95% Percent Flush Toilet 40 7% 20 15% 5% 0 Yes No Ecosan 8% Separate stances 71% Targeted schools are in line with the Ministry of Education guidelines which call for separate toilet stances for both girls and boys VIP This is a clear indication that targeted schools have What is the student to stance ratio in your school? improved access to sanitation facilities as a result of IWAS II project intervention. The Ministry of Education and Sports recom- mends that the pupil to stance ratio should be 41:1 for better hygiene and sanitation The survey found that majority (97%) of the 1 Ministry of education and Sports, Challenges of UPE in Uganda 2008 8 among schools. The survey found that Figure 9: Who cleans the toilet majority of students in all schools had sep- arate stances for both girls and boys and Who Cleans the toilet at least between 2-5 stances for boys and Pupils girls which brought the ratios close to the national targets.