Foundations and implications of the Higgs boson discovery Fabiola Gianotti, CERN, Honorary Professor Edinburgh University Joseph Incandela , UC Santa Barbara and CERN Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture, Stockholm, 17/10/2013 2013 Physics Nobel Prize F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 1 An historical day : 4th July 2012 The culmination of a long path ... An arrival and a starting point … F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 2 The world of elementary particles before the LHC (4 July 2012) Over the last ~100 years: advances in theoretical physics and discovery of many sub-atomic particles led to the Standard Model of particle physics (one of the greatest achievements of the 20th century). Before the LHC, all particles (but one) foreseen by the SM had been observed, and the SM predictions had been verified with extremely high precision by experiments at CERN and other labs (over 50 years) g u c up charm topt gluon " Particles and forces ! Quarks s downd strange bottomb photon Carriers e µ" $" W electron muon tau W boson #e #µ" " $"" Leptons # Z Force e-neutrino µ-neutrino $-neutrino Z boson I II II Higgs Generations of Boson? F. Gianotti and J. Incandela,Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 © Brian Fostermatter The world of elementary particles before the LHC (4 July 2012) Over the last ~100 years: advances in theoretical physics and discovery of many sub-atomic particles led to the Standard Model of particle physics (one of the greatest achievements of the 20th century). Before the LHC, all particles (but one) foreseen by the SM had been observed, and the SM predictions had been verified with extremely high precision by experiments at CERN and other labs (over 50 years) g u c up charm topt gluon " Particles and forces ! Quarks downd stranges bottomb photon ! Matter particles: why 3 generations ? ! Carriers !! Force carriers: why some massless e µ" $" W and some massive ? electron muon tau W boson !! Why is gravity so weak ? #e #µ" " $"" Leptons # Z Force e-neutrino µ-neutrino $-neutrino Z boson I II II Higgs Generations of Boson? F. Gianotti and J. Incandela,Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 © Brian Fostermatter The outstanding questions before the LHC What is the origin of the particle masses ? " Related to the Higgs boson ATLAS, CMS What is the nature of the Universe dark matter ? ATLAS, CMS Why 3 generations of matter particles ? Note: New Physics beyond the Standard Model is needed LHCb inWhy most is cases.there soExperimental little antimatter data and in the theoretical Universe arguments ? (Natures favouritism allowed us to exist …) indicate that this New Physics could manifest itself at the ~ TeV energy scale being explored by the LHC What are the features of the primordial plasma ALICE permeating the Universe ~10 µs after the Big Bang ? LHCAre built there to other address forces these in addition and other to the fundamental known four ?questions ATLAS, CMS Why is gravity so weak ? Are there additional (microscopic) space dimensions ? Etc. etc. F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 5 The long path of the LHC (few milestones… ) 1984 : First studies for a high-energy pp collider in the LEP tunnel 1989 : Start of SLC and LEP e+e- colliders 1994 : LHC approved by the CERN Council > 20 years from 1996 : Construction of LHC machine and experiments start conception to start 2000 : End of LEP2 of operation 2003 : Start of LHC machine and experiments installation 2009 : 23 November: first LHC collisions (!s = 900 GeV) 2010 : 30 March: first collisions at !s = 7 TeV 2012 : 1st May: collision energy to !s = 8 TeV + 20 years of physics exploitation ? 2012 : 4th July: discovery of a Higgs-like boson 2013 : 14th Feb: end of “Run 1” " start 2-year shut-down " !s ~ 14 TeV in 2015 The LHC has required: ! innovative technologies (superconducting magnets, cryogenics, electronics, computing, ..) ! new concepts, lot of ingenuity to address challenges and solve problems ! huge efforts of the worldwide community (ideas, technology, people, money) ! patience, perseverance, determination, optimism … F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 6 The LHC is a 27 km ring, 100 m below ground, across France/CH Over the last three years, two high-energy proton beams have been circulating in opposite directions and colliding at 4 points, where 4 big experiments had been installed. Unprecedented collision energy: 8 TeV (4 times larger than the Tevatron collider/Fermilab) (1 TeV= 10-7 Joule) French-Swiss border CERN main site LHC 27 km ring (previously used for Geneva Airport LEP e+e- collider) F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 7 LHCb CMS Sweden has made very important contributions to the LHC accelerator and experiments Lund Lund Stockholm University Stockholm KTH ALICE Uppsala ATLAS 8 F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 Most challenging component of the accelerator: 1232 high-tech superconducting dipole magnets needed to bend high-E beams inside the 27 km (existing/LEP) ring " ~8 T max B-field affordable from technology for large-scale production " 7 TeV per beam max energy ! p(TeV) = 0.3 B(T) R(km) (1 TeV= 10-7 Joule) Dipoles made of 7600 km of NbTi superconducting cable (12 kA current) Work at 1.9K in a bath of 120 tons of superfluid Helium " cooler than outer space 2015: collision energy ~ 14 TeV Prototypes of superconducting dipoles after repair/consolidation of magnet developed and tested by Uppsala interconnects during LS1 (following with Helsinki in the ‘90s Sept. 2008 accident) F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 Unprecedented experiments (complexity, technology, performance) Length : ~ 46 m Radius : ~ 12 m Weight : ~ 7000 tons ~108 electronic channels 3000 km of cables Human beings ATLAS !! Size: to measure and absorb high-E particles from the collision !! 108 independent sensitive elements (individual signals): to track ~1000 particles per event and reconstruct their trajectories with ~10 µm precision !! Fast response (25-50 ns): to cope with 40 million beam-beam collisions per second !! Radiation resistance: up to 1017 n/cm2 and 107 Gy over 10 years Computing resources: ~ 10 PB of data per year per experiment F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 10 A collision in the CMS detector Particle trajectories are reconstructed with precision of few microns Giant ultra-fast digital camera 40 million beam-beam collisions per second " fast response (~50 ns) (1 ns = 10-9 s) F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 11 Assembly of ATLAS barrel toroid coils in Hall 180 at CERN a human being … actually from Uppsala … Roger Ruber F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 12 Lowering of the heaviest slice (2000 tons !) of the CMS detector in the underground cavern in Feb. 2007 CMS solenoid: Magnetic length 12.5 m Diameter 6 m Magnetic field 4 T Nominal current 20 kA Stored energy 2.7 GJ F.Operation Gianotti and temperatureJ. Incandela, Stockholm 4.5 K17/10/2013 13 Cables and services in CMS …. F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 AND .... for each experiment: Thousands of quality controls of individual components 15 years of tests with beams, 20 years of detector and physics simulations, ~ 20 Technical Design Reports, 8 years of world-wide computing data challenges Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG): ~ 150 computing centres, ~ 35 countries NorduGrid and SweGrid F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 15 ~ 3000 scientists from 176 Institutions from 38 Countries Sweden: !! Lund, Stockholm University, Stockholm KTH, Uppsala !! 50 scientists (~20 students) !! Very strong contributions to detector construction and operation (inner detector, calorimeters, trigger system), to future detector R&D and upgrade, to computing/Grid, physics (Higgs, Supersymmetry, ..). !! Several (young) Swedish physicists played important role in the Higgs discovery F. Gianotti and J. Incandela,Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 16 Age distribution of the ATLAS population 500 All 2690 (< 35 y 47.2%) 450 Male 81.8% (< 35 y 44.0%) Female 18.2% (< 35 y 61.3%) 400 (Status 1.1.2010) 350 300 More than 1000 PhD students 250 200 150 Male Female 100 50 0 F. Gianotti and J. Incandela, Stockholm 17/10/2013 17 2013 Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture! !"#$%& '()%*(+,%-$%"..%)(#/0! 18 "!#$%&'!()!&'*!+*(+,*!-'(!./0*!123!+(4456,*!! CMS has ~2500 Scientists (including 800 PhD students), plus 17 Oct. 2013 – Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture – Stockholm Universitet – F. Gianotti and J. Incandela 17 Oct. 2013 – Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture Stockholm Universitet – F. 17 Oct. 2013 – Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture – Stockholm Universitet – F. Gianotti and J. Incandela 17 Oct. 2013 – Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture Stockholm Universitet – F. Engineers and technicians from 42 Countries and 190 institutes 19 Jörg Wenninger! and J. Incandela Gianotti – F. – F. Universitet Siegbahn Memorial Lecture – Stockholm Manne 17 Oct. 2013 – The$LHC$Accelerator$Complex$ 20 Courtesy of Jorg Wenninger 20 $ 1(,,5059:!;*/.4! 7!6*/.4!()!"#<=8!6>9?'*4!?5@?>,/&*!59!(++(45&*!05@*?&5(94! /90!?(,,50*!/&!A!+,/?*4B!! "78C<8!+/5@4!()!+@(&(94!?(,,50*!*/?'!&5.*!6>9?'*4!?@(44! 17 Oct. 2013 – Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture – Stockholm Universitet – F. Gianotti and J. Incandela 17 Oct. 2013 – Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture Stockholm Universitet – F. 17 Oct. 2013 – Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture – Stockholm Universitet – F. Gianotti and J. 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