Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 146 Wind Power and Water Desalination Technology Integration U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation July 2009 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) July 2008 Final June 2005 to October 2008 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Wind Power and Water Desalination Technology Integration Agreement No. 05-FC-81-1173 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Andy Swift, Ken Rainwater, Jamie Chapman, Dennis Noll, Andrew Jackson, Bradley Ewing, Lianfa Song, Geetha Ganesan, Ryan Marshall, Vikas Doon, Phil 5e. TASK NUMBER Nash Task C 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Texas Tech University, Wind Science and Engineering Research Center and Water NUMBER Resources Center, Box 41022, Lubbock, TX 79409-1022 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, PO Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225-0007 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) DWPR Report No. 146 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available from the National Technical Information Service Operations Division, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield VA 22161 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTEST Report can be downloaded from Reclamation Web site: www.usbr.gov/pmts/water/publications/reports.html 14. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) Many communities in the western and southwestern regions of the U.S. face both water quality and quantity issues. Depleting aquifers, and more stringent water quality standards, are contributing to the urgency of the problem. With the maturing of the wind energy industry to provide clean electric power at a firm price, significant wind and brackish water aquifer resources available throughout much of the region, and improving reverse osmosis (RO) technology at decreasing cost - the concept of providing an integrated wind-driven water desalination solution for municipalities in the region is appealing. Topics specifically addressed in this work included the following: background studies outlining previous work done in this area; a market analysis to provide an indication of the breadth and scope of the market for integrated wind- water desalination systems for municipal applications; design parameters, system sizing, and optimization to include economic analysis and cost of water estimates for a specific municipality; and control issues that address the intermittency of the wind resource, water storage, and the usual steady power utilization of current RO system operation. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Wind Energy, Desalination 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Andrew Tiffenbach SAR a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code) U U U 303-445-2393 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 141 Wind Power and Water Desalination Technology Integration Prepared for Reclamation Under Agreement No. 05-FC-81-1147 by Andy Swift Lianfa Song Ken Rainwater Geetha Ganesan Jamie Chapman Ryan Marshall Dennis Noll Vikas Doon Andrew Jackson Phil Nash Bradley Ewing Wind Science and Engineering Research Center and Water Resources Center Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas 79409 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Water and Environmental Services Division Water Treatment Engineering Research Team Denver, Colorado July 2009 MISSION STATEMENTS The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and our commitments to island communities. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Disclaimer The views, analysis, recommendations, and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not represent official or unofficial policies or opinions of the United States Government, and the United States takes no position with regard to any findings, conclusions, or recommendations made. As such, mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the United States Government. Acknowledgement We would like to thank our project sponsor, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and especially Kevin Price, Harry Remmers, and Andrew Tiffenbach, for providing project oversight and access to a pilot scale desalination unit, for proof of concept development related to this effort. Also, we thank our partners in the project, the Texas State Energy Conservation Office, for support related to this research; West Texas A&M University, for providing the 5 kW Enertech wind turbine for proof of concept testing; the staff of the General Electric Global Research Center, who assisted with the controls and instrumentation aspects of the project; National Instruments technical staff; as well as the students and technical support staff of the Wind Science and Engineering Research Center and the Water Resources Center. iii Glossary Acronyns and Abbreviations EPA Environmental Protection Agency Gpd gallons per day ICC Installed Capital Cost mg/L Milligrams per liter MGD Million Gallons per Day O&M Operations & Maintenance pCi/L Picocuries Per liter PTC Production Tax Credit Qavg Average Flow Qmax Maximum Flow REC Renewable Energy Credits RO Reverse Osmosis TDS Total Dissolved Solids Chemical Nomenclature As Arsenic Cl Chloride F Fluoride Fe Iron NO3 Nitrate Sb Antimony SO4 Sulfate v Table of Contents Page Acknowledgement ......................................................................................... iii Glossary ............................................................................................. v Acronyns and Abbreviations.................................................................... v Chemical Nomenclature........................................................................... v 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................ 1 2. Background ............................................................................................. 3 2.1 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................... 4 2.2 Report Organization........................................................................ 5 2.3 Approach......................................................................................... 6 3. Conclusions and Recommendations........................................................ 9 4. Introduction ............................................................................................. 11 5. Survey of Municipal/Community Water Systems .................................. 13 6. RO System Design.................................................................................. 15 7. Design and Control of an Integrated Wind-Water Desalination System for an Inland Municipality.......................................................... 17 8. Small-Scale Demonstration of an Integrated Wind-water System for Brackish Water Treatment................................................................. 23 9. References ............................................................................................. 25 Appendix A.—Estimated Useable Lifetime of the Ogallala Aquifer in Texas Appendix B.—Report I. Reverse Osmosis Design, Geetha Ganesan and Dr. Andrew Jackson, 2007 Appendix C.—Report II. Design and Control of an Integrated Wind-Water Desalination System for an Inland Municipality, Dennis Noll, 2008 Appendix D.—Report III. Integrated Wind-Water System for Brackish Water Treatment, Ryan Marshall, 2008 vii List of Tables Page 1 Communities with Primary (italics) and Secondary (bold) Exceedances (blank cell = not reported)................................... 14 2 Summary of Component Costs/1000 Gallons .......................... 21 List of Figures Page 1 Integrated Wind-RO Layout for an Inland Municipality.......... 7 2 Real-Time Energy Supply/Demand Comparison ..................... 15 3 Turbine Array Benefit/(Loss) per 1000 Gallons....................... 20 4 Distribution of Costs/1000 Gallons.......................................... 18 5 Distribution of Monthly Average Energy Use.........................