National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Predator Control Management Plan Haleakalā National Park Natural Resource Report NPS/HALE/NRR—2019/2005 ON THIS PAGE Endangered Hawaiian goose sentry male at Haleakalā National Park Courtesy NPS ON THE COVER Camera trap photograph of endangered Hawaiian petrel chick at Haleakalā National Park Courtesy NPS Predator Control Management Plan Haleakalā National Park Natural Resource Report NPS/HALE/NRR—2019/2005 Raina L. Kaholoaa,1 Cathleen Natividad Bailey,1 Erika K. Kekiwi,2 Kayla K. Purdy,2 Seth W. Judge,3 Joy A. Tamayose,1 Carl J. Schwarz,1 1National Park Service Haleakalā National Park Makawao, HI 2Hawai'i Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Study Unit Haleakalā, HI 3Hawai'i Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Study Unit Hilo, HI September 2019 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This plan received peer review by subject-matter experts in trapping, wildlife biology, and resources management in Hawai‘i. Reviewers were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data, and have background and expertise that put them on par technically and scientifically with the authors of the information. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available in digital format from the Haleakalā National Park publications website and the Natural Resource Publications Management website. If you have difficulty accessing information in this publication, particularly if using assistive technology, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Kaholoaa, R. L., C. N. Bailey, E. K. Kekiwi, K. K. Purdy, S. W. Judge, J. A. Tamayose, and C. J. Schwarz. 2019. Predator control management plan Haleakalā National Park. Natural Resource Report NPS/HALE/NRR—2019/2005. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 162/164350, September 2019 ii Contents Page Figures................................................................................................................................................... vi Tables ..................................................................................................................................................viii Appendices ..........................................................................................................................................viii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ ix Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Species Descriptions ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Endangered Birds ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Predator Species ............................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Location .................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2.1 Frontcountry ................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Backcountry .................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Overview of Trapping Program 1970’s - 2016 ...................................................................... 14 1.4 Trapping Program Transition ................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2 Decision Making Process for Predator Control ................................................................... 17 2.1 Step 1: Survey for predator activity ........................................................................................ 17 2.2 Step 2: Identify predator hot spots .......................................................................................... 17 2.3 Step 3: Assess characteristics of the hot spot ......................................................................... 17 2.4 Step 4: Create and execute a local trapping plan .................................................................... 18 2.5 Step 5: Monitor traps and predator activity ............................................................................ 19 2.6 Step 6: Evaluate ...................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3 Implementation Methods ..................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Predator surveying .................................................................................................................. 20 3.1.1 Cats ................................................................................................................................. 20 3.1.2 Mongooses ...................................................................................................................... 21 iii Contents (continued) Page 3.1.3 Rats ................................................................................................................................. 22 3.2 Trapping strategy .................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Trap placement ............................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2 Trap numbers and spacing .............................................................................................. 23 3.2.3 Trapping in endangered species habitat ......................................................................... 24 3.2.4 Trapping in high visitor use areas .................................................................................. 26 3.2.5 Staffing Considerations .................................................................................................. 26 3.2.6 Trap monitoring systems ................................................................................................ 27 3.3 Monitoring for predator activity ............................................................................................. 28 3.4 Trap Types .............................................................................................................................. 29 3.4.1 Non-Lethal Traps............................................................................................................ 29 3.4.2 Lethal Traps .................................................................................................................... 32 3.5 Baits and Lures ....................................................................................................................... 37 3.6 Toxicants ................................................................................................................................ 40 3.7 Priority trapping areas ............................................................................................................ 40 3.7.1 Frontcountry ................................................................................................................... 41 3.7.2 Backcountry .................................................................................................................... 41 3.8 Evaluating trapping ................................................................................................................ 41 3.8.1 Short-term evaluations ...................................................................................................