e-ISSN. 2541-5409 JHTM p-ISSN. 2541-4178 Journal of Holistic and Traditional Medicine Vol 05 No 04, Mei 2021 www.jhtm.or.id Open Acces CANNABIS FOR HEALTH Dwi Septian Wijaya1 , Widi Nurwijayanti2 1Yayasan Pendidikan Medika Indonesia 2Univeristas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA Corresponding Author: Dwi Septian Wijaya, Yayasan Pendidikan Medika Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Received March 28, 2021; Accepted April 16, 2021; Online Published May 16, 2021 Abstract Cannabis (cannabis, marijuana) is an addictive substance. About 5,000 years ago, China used as a medicine. Cannabis or hemp comes from a plant called Cannabis sativa. This plant has 100 different chemical substances called cannabinoids. Each ingredient has a different effect on the body. Cannabis is divided into three types, namely Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica and Cannabis ruderalis. These three types of cannabis contain different levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This drug derived from cannabis leaves contains Tetrahydrocannibinol (THC), one of 400 chemicals that can cause mood swings. tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidol (CBD) are the main chemicals that are often used in medicine. Keywords: Cannabis, Marijuana, Health INTRODUCTION found on the branches of female plants. The Cannabis is short for cannabis plant. The term average THC content is around 45% (rarely more marijuana usually refers to the leaves, flowers, and than 7%). Low-grade Bhang preparations are stems of the plant, which are cut, dried and derived from dried plant residues and have a THC chopped, and are usually made into cigarettes. The content of approximately 1%. Hemp oil is a other names of the cannabis plant are hemp, weed, concentrated liquid derived from the distillation of weed, hemp, tea, Mary Jane, and the products are hemp and contains approximately 1,570% THC hemp, hemp, charas, bhang, hemp, dagga and (Camellia, 2010). sinsemilla (camellia, 2010). According to the World Health Organization Cannabis is divided into three types, namely, (WHO), approximately 25% (147 million) of adults Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis worldwide use cannabis for recreational or other ruderalis. These three types of cannabis contain reasons. When used for medical purposes, cannabis different levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered a complementary and alternative (BNN, 2015). The THC content in Charas and medicine (CAM) because it is not a conventional hemp is about 78%, up to 14%. Cannabis and treatment. Due to the lack of efficacy, side effects, Sinsemilla are derived from dry matter and are or other reasons of standard therapies, about 40% 534 of epilepsy patients have improved their condition (520 mg dose), intravenous THC (0.0150.03 mg/kg after taking CAM. Although most CAMs are not dose range), and through the respiratory tract with pharmacological (for example, meditation, vaporizers (Radhakrishnan et al.) consistently relaxation techniques, or stress management), demonstrated this effect. 2014). ). special attention is paid to the use of herbal The use of cannabis as a medicinal plant for medications. One of the plants that people with medical purposes only applies to services and is epilepsy use is cannabis or other preparations, recommended by a doctor. Here are some studies including cannabis oil (Szaflarski & Bebin, 2014). that prove that cannabis is beneficial for various EFFECTS OF CANNABIS USE (Marijuana) physical and mental illnesses (kesehatan.kontan.co.id, 2020) Smoking marijuana has an adverse effect on physical and mental health (psychology). From a 1. Anti-neuropathic pain. physical point of view, cannabis can cause lung Neuropathic pain is a general term describing cancer because cannabis smoke contains many pain caused by nerve damage. A study carcinogens that are the same as tobacco smoke published in the journal CMAJ in October 2010 (Halla & Degenhardt, 2014). Marijuana users are found evidence that marijuana as a medicinal also associated with airway inflammation, plant can relieve neuropathic pain. By smoking increased airway resistance, and lung marijuana, neuropathic pain can be reduced. hyperinflation. Marijuana users are more likely to The study involved 23 adult participants who experience symptoms of chronic bronchitis, had experienced neuropathic pain after major respiratory tract infections, and a higher incidence trauma or surgery. Participants were asked to of pneumonia than non-smokers (Volkow et al., inhale a single dose of 25 mg through a tube 3 2014). times a day for 5 days. Subsequently, the pain intensity felt by the participants was measured Positive Symptoms using a digital scale. As a result, the intensity of Cannabis extract contains a certain amount of pain is significantly reduced. In addition, the THC, which can produce short-term positive sleep quality of the participants was better. symptoms, which are similar in nature to the However, the safety of this method needs positive symptoms of schizophrenia. These further study. symptoms include suspicion, paranoia and 2. Chronic intestinal inflammation. delusions of exaggeration, conceptual confusion, Marijuana, as a medicinal plant, reportedly has fragmented thinking, and changes in ideas. In a beneficial effect in patients with addition, marijuana and THC can also cause inflammatory bowel disease. A study published depersonalization, disintegration of reality, in the journal "Clinical Gastroenterology and changes in sensory perception, and unreality. Hepatology" in 2013 conducted a controlled Cannabis cigarettes, oral cannabis extract/THC trial in this regard. They recruited 21 patients 535 with chronic colitis and divided them into two 5. Multiple sclerosis. groups. The first group was asked to smoke Multiple sclerosis is characterized by poor marijuana, while the second group was asked to communication between the brain and the smoke a placebo (empty medicine). As a result, body. The most easily recognized symptoms during the 8-week treatment period, the first are blurred vision and muscle weakness. group reported increased appetite and sleep Previously, this disease was difficult to treat. without significant side effects. However, a study published in the journal 3. Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurology offers new hope. The treatment A study published in the journal Behavioral provided by the study is medical marijuana Pharmacology in 2016 demonstrated the pills. Marijuana pills are only used as a benefits of cannabis for the treatment of post- supplement or additional form of other types of traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous treatment. In other words, this therapy cannot research has also shown that treatment with be proven to be independent. cannabinoids (substances in marijuana) can Negative Symptoms. reduce the symptoms of PTSD, including improving sleep quality, reducing the Delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol also produces several frequency of nightmares, and reducing effects similar to the negative symptoms of excessive wakefulness (chronic stress). The schizophrenia, including emotional retardation, research conclusions of Israeli scientists emotional withdrawal, and mental retardation. confirm that cannabinoid drugs provide Psychomotor skills, lack of spontaneity and therapeutic benefits for PTSD. reduced interaction. Morrison et al. Demonstrated 4. Epilepsy. that the effect of THC on negative symptoms is not As we all know, marijuana as a medicinal plant related to sedation (Radhakrishnan et al., 2014). A is beneficial for other neurological diseases (ie complication of long-term use is the "motivation epilepsy). Many studies have shown these syndrome" of heavy users. This syndrome is seen results. In fact, the United States Food and mainly in heavy daily users and is characterized by Drug Administration (FDA) approved a drug a decrease in motivation and ambition, making it called Epidiolex, which contains cannabidiol, "full of motivation." It is also associated with other to treat seizures caused by epilepsy. Epidiolex symptoms of social and occupational disorders, itself is a pure cannabis extract (98% oil- such as inattention, poor judgment, impaired based). In controlled clinical trials, results communication skills, introversion, and reduced showed that Epidiolex can reduce seizure interpersonal efficiency. Personal habits can symptoms faster than other medications. The deteriorate, lose consciousness and even FDA investigation was also supported by 2017 depersonalize (Stahl, 2013). and 2018 research from the New England Journal of Medicine. 536 REFERENCE Camellia, V., 2010. Gangguan Sehubungan Kanabis. Medan: Departemen Psikiatri FK USU. Halla, W. & Degenhardt, L., 2014. The adverse health effects of chronic cannabis use. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(1), pp. 1-2. Radhakrishnan, R., Wilkinson, S. T. & D’Souza, D. C., 2014. Gone to pot – a review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Frontier in Psychiatry, 5(54). Resa Eka Ayu Sartika, 2020. Dibalik kontroversi ganja sebagai tanaman obat, ini kegunaan ganja dalam medis. From https://kesehatan.kontan.co.id/news/dibalik- kontroversi-ganja-sebagai-tanaman-obat-ini- kegunaan-ganja-dalam-medis?page=2 Szaflarski, J. P. & Bebin, E. M., 2014. Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy — From receptors to clinical response. Epilepsy & Behavior, Volume 41. Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M. & Weiss, S. R., 2014. Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use. The new england journal of medicine, 370(23). Wilkinson, S. T., Radhakrishnan, R. & D’Souza, D. C., 2014. Impact of Cannabis Use on the Development of Psychotic Disorders. Springer International Publishing, Issue 1, p. 115–128. 537 .