Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Global Value Chains, Economic Public Disclosure Authorized Upgrading, and Gender Case Studies of the Horticulture, Tourism, and Call Center Industries Edited by Cornelia Staritz and José Guilherme Reis January 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized International Trade Department Gender Development Unit Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network Global Value Chains, Economic Upgrading, and Gender Case Studies of the Horticulture, Tourism, and Call Center Industries Edited by Cornelia Staritz and José Guilherme Reis Contents Preface . vii Acknowledgements . ix Abbreviations . xi Executive Summary . xiii 1 . Global Value Chains, Economic Upgrading, and Gender . 1 Context and Motivation for the Book . 1 The Importance of Global Value Chains and Economic Upgrading . 1 Global Value Chains as Gendered Structures .. 3 Gendered Global Value Chain Analysis . 5 Objectives and Methodology of the Sectoral Case Studies . 6 Conclusions of the Sectoral Case Studies . 7 2 . Global Value Chains, Economic Upgrading, and Gender in the Horticulture Industry . 11 Executive Summary . 11 The Horticultural Value Chain: Organization, Governance, and Economic Upgrading . 11 Gender Dimensions of the Horticulture Value Chain . 11 Policy Recommendations . 12 Introduction . 13 The Fruit and Vegetable Global Value Chain . 14 Structure of the Fruit and Vegetable Global Value Chain . 14 Industrial Organization and Chain Governance . 15 Economic Upgrading Trajectories . 17 Gender Dimensions of the Horticulture Global Value Chain . 18 Gender Composition . 18 Gender Constraints . 22 Gender Impact of Economic Upgrading . 26 Country Case Study: Honduras . 29 The Horticulture Industry and Economic Upgrading in Honduras . 29 Gender Dimensions of Honduras’ Horticulture Industry . 31 Policy Recommendations . 35 General Policy Recommendations . 35 Waged Labor: Policy Recommendations . 36 Unpaid Labor: Policy Recommendations . 38 Women as Entrepreneurs: Policy Recommendations . 38 Conclusions . 41 3 . Global Value Chains, Economic Upgrading, and Gender in the Tourism Industry . 43 Executive Summary . 43 The Tourism Value Chain: Organization, Governance, and Economic Upgrading . 43 Gender Dimensions of the Tourism Value Chain . 43 Policy Recommendations . 44 Introduction . 45 Global Value Chains, Economic Upgrading, and Gender iv The Tourism Global Value Chain . 46 Structure of the Tourism Global Value Chain . 46 Industrial Organization and Chain Governance . 47 Economic Upgrading Trajectories . 47 Gender Dimensions of the Tourism Global Value Chain . 49 Gender Composition . 50 Gender Constraints . 50 Gender Impact of Economic Upgrading . 53 Country Case Study: Kenya . 54 The Tourism Industry and Economic Upgrading in Kenya . 55 Gender Dimensions of Kenya’s Tourism Industry . 57 Policy Recommendations . 65 Lead Firm Policies . 65 Destination Firm Policies . 66 Destination Country Policies . 68 Conclusion . 70 4 . Global Value Chains, Economic Upgrading, and Gender in the Call Center Industry . 73 Executive Summary . 73 The Call Center Value Chain: Organization, Governance, and Economic Upgrading . 73 Gender Dimensions of the Tourism Value Chain . 74 Policy Recommendations . 74 Introduction . 75 The Call Center Global Value Chain . 76 The Offshore Services Global Value Chain . 76 Structure of the Call Center Global Value Chain . 76 Industrial Organization and Chain Governance . 79 Economic Upgrading Trajectories . 81 The Call Center Workforce . 83 Gender Dimensions in the Call Center Global Value Chain .. 86 Gender Composition . 86 Gender Constraints . 88 Gendered Impacts of Economic Upgrading . 91 Country Case Study: The Arab Republic of Egypt . 92 The Call Center Industry in Egypt . 92 Upgrading Trajectories in Egypt’s Call Center Industry . 94 Gender Dimensions in Egypt’s Call Center Industry . 97 Policy Recommendations . 100 Conclusions . 104 References . .. 107 List of Tables Table 2 .1: Prominent Standards in the Horticultural Industry . 17 Table 2 .2: GVC Upgrading in Horticulture: Opportunities, Benefits, and Constraints . 19 Table 2 .3: Select Upgrading Trajectories in the Horticulture GVC: Labor Implications and Gender Impact . 27 Table 2 .4: Breakdown of the Fruit and Vegetable Sector in Honduras . 29 Table 2 .5: Gender Map of Honduras Global Fruit and Vegetable Value Chain . 32 Table 3 .1: Tourism Economic Upgrading Trajectories . 48 Table 3 .2: International Visitor Arrivals in Kenya, 1995–2009 . 54 Table 3 .3: Kenyan GDP and Employment Figures, 1995–2009 . 55 v Table 3 .4: Kenyan Tour Operator Upgrading Trajectories . 58 Table 3 .5: Beach Hotel Upgrading/Downgrading Trajectories . ..