Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2016 A Case Study Analysis of Dehumanization in Rwanda and Darfur Carlyn M. Jorgensen Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Carlyn M. Jorgensen. 2016. A Case Study Analysis of Dehumanization in Rwanda and Darfur. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. (50) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/50. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Case Study Analysis of Dehumanization in Rwanda and Darfur by Carlyn Jorgensen A Dissertation Presented to the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nova Southeastern University 2016 Copyright © by Carlyn Jorgensen April 2016 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my Aunt Brigitte Eileen Kelly, who passed away from cancer in September 2015. She was a brilliant, funny, compassionate, and vivacious woman who is sorely missed. This dissertation is also dedicated to my family: to my parents, James and Kathleen Jorgensen; my sisters, Sarah-Enid and Kaiti-Anne Jorgensen; and my brother- in-law Michael Proulx. Thank you for all your love and support throughout this entire process. I would not be here without you all. Finally, this dissertation is dedicated to my four-legged “ugly brother” Finn MacCool, whose enthusiastic howling and slobbery kisses every time I come home make me feel so loved. Thanks, buddy. Acknowledgments I would like to first thank my dissertation committee: my Chair, Dr. Dustin Berna, for all of his support and guidance; Dr. Jason J. Campbell for his assistance on the methodology and for meeting with me when I had ideas and questions; and Dr. Evan Hoffman, who graciously agreed to stay on my committee after he returned to Canada. Thank you all so very, very much! I’d also like to thank my DCRS Family: Sharon McIntyre, Niki Incorvia, Kacey Shap, Rachel McGinnis, Bryan Licona, Robyn Gabe, Amy Guimond, Jaime Anazalotta, Saghar Leslie Naghib, Kwadjo Owusu-Sarfo, Kesia Vazquez, Jen McDevitt, Debra Dauphin-Jones, Stacy Allsop, Hassan Khannenje, Stephen Agbor, Kelly Macías, and Joy Benjamin. Thanks for always being there for me. A special thanks to two of the best administrative assistants in the world: Erica Guterman and Tammy Graham. Thanks, Erica, for being patient with all my Kronos mistakes and for also speaking fluent sarcasm. Thank you, Tammy, for commiserating with me during football season. Go Irish, and Go Lions! I also want to thank Dr. John Miller in the Family Therapy department for his advice on some aspects of the dissertation, and for taking time from his busy schedule to meet with me, even though I am not a student of his. Thank you, Dr. Miller! I cannot forget to thank Dr. Vin Auger at Western Illinois University, for starting me down the path of genocide studies, and for encouraging my interest. Finally, I’d like to thank my roommate Emily Safran for putting up with my crankiness during the writing process. Thanks for being such a great roommate! Table of Contents List of Tables................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................v Abstract ......................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................1 Chapter Introduction ....................................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................6 Research Questions ......................................................................................................7 Research Method .........................................................................................................7 Delimitations of Study .....................................................................................................8 Definitions of Terms ....................................................................................................9 Commonly Used Acronyms .........................................................................................9 Outline of Dissertation ............................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ............................................. 11 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 11 History of the Rwandan Genocide .............................................................................. 11 History of Darfur ....................................................................................................... 13 Explanations for why genocide occurs ....................................................................... 35 Gaps in the Literature ................................................................................................. 46 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................. 46 Structural Violence ................................................................................................. 46 Dehumanization ..................................................................................................... 56 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 62 i Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................ 64 Chapter Introduction .................................................................................................. 64 What is case study? .................................................................................................... 64 Case Study Research Design ...................................................................................... 64 What to do before starting a case study ...................................................................... 65 Type of case study used ............................................................................................. 66 Collecting Case Study Evidence ................................................................................. 68 Analyzing the evidence .............................................................................................. 69 Chapter Conclusion .................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 4: Case Study Rwanda ...................................................................................... 75 Chapter Introduction .................................................................................................. 75 Overview of Rwandan Genocide ................................................................................ 75 Facilitation of Physical Dehumanization .................................................................... 78 Physical Dehumanization ........................................................................................... 85 Tutsis as Animals ................................................................................................... 85 Routinization of Killing .......................................................................................... 88 Sexual Dehumanization.............................................................................................. 91 Overview of Rape as Genocide ............................................................................... 91 Hypersexualization of Tutsi Women ....................................................................... 92 Rape as an act of mental harm ................................................................................ 93 Rape as an act of physical harm .............................................................................. 96 Chapter Conclusion .................................................................................................. 100 Chapter 5: Case Study Darfur ...................................................................................... 102 ii Chapter Introduction ................................................................................................ 102 Brief History of Genocide in Darfur ........................................................................