FOURTH CIRCUIT DECISIONS ON CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE Published Between April 1, 2010 and March 31, 2011 Prepared by Frances H. Pratt, Assistant Federal Public Defender Office of the Federal Public Defender, Alexandria, Virginia Fourth Circuit Decisions on Criminal Law and Procedure, April 1, 2010 to Mar. 31, 2011 Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. 1 I. OFFENSES. 1 18 U.S.C. § 228, Failure to Pay Child Support. 1 18 U.S.C. § 641, Theft of Government Property. 1 18 U.S.C. § 912, Impersonation of Federal Officer or Employee. 1 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), Possession of Firearm or Ammunition by Prohibited Person. 1 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), Use or Possession of Firearm in Connection with Crime of Violence of Drug Trafficking.. 2 18 U.S.C. § 1001, False Statements.. 3 18 U.S.C. §§ 1028, 1028A, Identification Fraud, Aggravated Identity Theft. 3 18 U.S.C. § 1513, Witness Retaliation. 3 18 U.S.C. § 1546, Fraud and Misuse of Immigration Documents.. 3 18 U.S.C. § 1959, Violent Acts in Aid of Racketeering. 3 18 U.S.C. § 1962, RICO. 3 21 U.S.C. § 841 et seq., Drug Offenses. 4 26 U.S.C. § 7201 et seq., Tax Offenses. 4 II. SECOND AMENDMENT ISSUES. 4 III. FOURTH AMENDMENT ISSUES. 5 Expectation of Privacy.. 5 Government Action. 5 Arrests. 5 Exigent Circumstances.. 5 Fourth Circuit Decisions on Criminal Law and Procedure, April 1, 2010 to Mar. 31, 2011 Page ii “Knock and Announce”. 6 Probable Cause.. 6 Protective Sweeps. 7 Reasonable Suspicion. 7 Traffic Stops.. 8 Warrants.. 8 IV. FIFTH AMENDMENT ISSUES. 9 Double Jeopardy. 9 Due Process. 9 Self-Incrimination. 9 V. SIXTH AMENDMENT ISSUES.. 10 Confrontation. 10 Counsel. 10 VI. OTHER PRE-TRIAL ISSUES.. 10 Competence to Stand Trial.. 10 Continuances. 11 Severance. 11 Subpoenas. 11 Venue. 11 VII. TRIAL ISSUES. 12 Jury Selection.. 12 Evidence.. 12 Federal Rule of Evidence 404. 12 Fourth Circuit Decisions on Criminal Law and Procedure, April 1, 2010 to Mar. 31, 2011 Page iii Federal Rule of Evidence 701 et seq... 13 Federal Rule of Evidence 801 et seq... 13 Other Evidentiary Issues. 13 Sufficiency of Evidence. 14 Jury Instructions.. 14 Closing Arguments. 14 Motions for New Trial. 15 VIII. PLEA ISSUES. 15 Plea Agreements. 15 IX. SENTENCING ISSUES. 16 Constitutional Considerations. 16 Eighth Amendment. 16 Ex Post Facto Clause. 16 Capital Sentencing Procedure. 16 Non-Capital Sentencing Procedure. 16 Sentencing Statutes. 17 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA). 17 18 U.S.C. § 3663 et seq., Restitution.. 18 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 851, Drug Sentences Based on Prior Convictions. 18 Sentencing Guidelines. 18 U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2, Applicable Guidelines. 18 U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11, Use of Guidelines in Effect on Date of Sentencing. 19 U.S.S.G. § 2D1,1 et seq., Drug Offenses.. 19 Fourth Circuit Decisions on Criminal Law and Procedure, April 1, 2010 to Mar. 31, 2011 Page iv U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 et seq., Firearms Offenses.. 19 U.S.S.G. § 2S1.3, Structuring Transactions to Evade Reporting Requirements . 20 U.S.S.G. § 3A1.2, Official Victim.. ..