Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 8-2013 THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL CULTURE OF FEAR ON STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF LEADERSHIP IN STUDENT-FACULTY RELATIONSHIPS Amin Mohamed Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Part of the Educational Leadership Commons Recommended Citation Mohamed, Amin, "THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL CULTURE OF FEAR ON STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF LEADERSHIP IN STUDENT-FACULTY RELATIONSHIPS" (2013). All Dissertations. 1139. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1139 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL CULTURE OF FEAR ON STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF LEADERSHIP IN STUDENT-FACULTY RELATIONSHIPS ________________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University ________________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Education Leadership ______________________________________________________________________ by Amin Marei Mosa Mohamed August 2013 ________________________________________________________________________ Accepted by: Dr. Russ Marion, Committee Chair Dr. Leslie Gonzales Dr. Curtis Brewer Dr. Thomas Zagenczyk ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a political culture of fear and power distance on student perceptions regarding the leader-member exchange theory (LMX) relationship with faculty, and their perceptions of nature of leadership in Libyan business schools. 650 Faculty members and students from business school in seven Libyan Universities were invited to participate in this study. The final number of participants that were accepted was 314. A survey was used to measure the relationship between faculty members and students, leadership style, culture of fear, and power distance. Different kinds of analysis were used to answer the study hypothesis. The analysis was conducted using SPSS software to conduct exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and t-tests. Amos software was used to conduct confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results of SEM show that power distance negatively affects all LMX factors. Power distance directly and indirectly affects five of the leadership dimensions. It negatively affects Autocratic, Negative-charismatic, and Self-protective and positively affects Charismatic, Consciousness, and Humane Orientation. Culture of fear factors Force and Fealty/Finance directly affect the LMX factor Professional Respect. Culture of fear factors impact negatively and positively all leadership dimensions. The effects of LMX factors Professional Respect, Affect, and Contribution on leadership dimensions Charismatic, Self-protective, Ill-tempered, Autocratic, and Humane Orientation are largely direct. ii DEDICATION To my parents “My Lord bestow on them thy Mercy even as they cherished me in childhood” (Quran 17:24), my wife Zahya, and my children Mohamed, Moaed, Mohaned, and Danya. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Problem Statement ............................................................................. 5 Purpose of the Study .......................................................................... 6 Research Question ............................................................................. 6 Theoretical Framework and Perspectives .......................................... 6 Research Method ............................................................................... 9 Significance of the Study ................................................................. 11 Limitations ....................................................................................... 12 Organization of the Study ................................................................ 12 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 13 History of Education in Libya.......................................................... 14 Faculty Members and Students Relationship ................................... 17 Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX) ...................................... 18 Perceptions of Leadership ................................................................ 24 Culture of Fear ................................................................................. 25 Impact of Fear on Leadership and LMX .......................................... 29 Power Distance ................................................................................ 31 Summary .......................................................................................... 33 III. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 34 Selection of Participants .................................................................. 34 Instrumentation ................................................................................ 35 Data Collection ................................................................................ 37 iv Table of Contents (Continued) Page Data Analysis ................................................................................... 39 Summary .......................................................................................... 42 IV. RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS .......................................................... 43 Pilot Study ........................................................................................ 43 Data Analysis ................................................................................... 47 Summary .......................................................................................... 91 V. SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, AND CONCLUSIONS ............................. 93 Summary of the Study ..................................................................... 93 Discussion of the Findings ............................................................... 96 Recommendations for Further Research .......................................... 98 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 99 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 101 1. English Survey ........................................................................................ 102 2. Retranslation Arabic Survey into English............................................... 119 3. Arabic Survey ......................................................................................... 134 4. Pilot Study: MSA and Communalities of LMX ..................................... 145 5. Pilot Study: MSA and Communalities of Culture of Fear ...................... 146 6. Pilot Study: Pattern Matrix of LMX ....................................................... 147 7. Pilot Study: Pattern Matrix of Culture of Fear........................................ 148 8. MSA and Communalities of LMX ......................................................... 149 9. MSA and Communalities of Leadership................................................. 150 10. MSA and Communalities of Culture of Fear .......................................... 152 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 153 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Leadership dimensions in Middle East ............................................................ 41 4.1 Pilot Study Demographic Data (Gender) ......................................................... 44 4.2 Pilot Study Demographic Data (Department) .................................................. 44 4.3 Pilot Study Demographic Data (Faculty Position by Degree) ......................... 45 4.4 Pilot KMO and Bartlett’s Test ......................................................................... 46 4.5 Demographic Data of the Study (Gender) ....................................................... 48 4.6 Demographic Data of the Study (Department) ................................................ 48 4.7 Demographic Data of the Study (Faculty Position by Degree) ....................... 49 4.8 KMO and Bartlett’s Test .................................................................................. 49 4.9 Pattern Matrix of LMX .................................................................................... 50 4.10 Pattern Matrix of Leadership Factors .............................................................. 52 4.11 Leadership Dimension