The Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases in Illinois, 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Reportable communicable diseases in Illinois..................................1 1999 summary of selected Illinois infectious diseases ...........................2 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome/Human immunodeficiency virus ............4 Amebiasis..............................................................9 Animal bites...........................................................11 Blastomycosis .........................................................13 Brucellosis............................................................15 Campylobacteriosis .....................................................16 Central nervous system infections ..........................................19 Aseptic meningitis .................................................19 Encephalitis .......................................................22 Bacterial meningitis ................................................27 Haemophilus influenzae (invasive disease) ..............................28 Listeriosis ........................................................30 Invasive Neisseria meningitidis .......................................31 Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis ..................................35 Streptococcus, invasive group B .......................................38 Cryptosporidiosis.......................................................41 Ehrlichiosis ...........................................................44 E. coli O157:H7 ........................................................46 Foodborne and waterborne outbreaks .......................................51 Giardiasis.............................................................69 Viral Hepatitis .........................................................72 Hepatitis A .......................................................76 Hepatitis B .......................................................82 Hepatitis non-A non-B ..............................................85 Histoplasmosis.........................................................87 Legionellosis ..........................................................89 Lyme disease ..........................................................91 Malaria...............................................................94 Measles ..............................................................98 Mumps..............................................................100 Pertussis.............................................................102 Rabies ..............................................................105 Rocky Mountain spotted fever ............................................112 Rubella..............................................................113 Salmonellosis (excluding typhoid fever) ....................................114 Sexually transmitted diseases .............................................127 Chlamydia .....................................................127 Gonorrhea .....................................................129 Syphilis .......................................................131 Shigellosis ...........................................................134 Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin resistant................................141 Streptococcus pyogenes, group A (invasive disease) ...........................142 Tickborne diseases found in Illinois .......................................146 Toxic shock syndrome..................................................147 Trichinosis...........................................................149 Tuberculosis..........................................................150 Tularemia............................................................154 Typhoid fever .........................................................155 Yersiniosis...........................................................157 Reported cases of infectious diseases in Illinois, 1999 .........................159 Methods .............................................................160 Reportable Communicable Diseases in Illinois in 1999 The following diseases must be reported to local health authorities in Illinois (those in bold are also nationally notifiable, which means state health departments must report them to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): CLASS 1- The following diseases are reportable by telephone within 24 hours: 1. Anthrax 8. Plague 2. Cholera 9. Poliomyelitis 3. Diarrhea of the newborn 10. Rabies, human 4. Diphtheria 11. Smallpox 5. Food borne or waterborne illness 12. Typhoid fever 6. Measles 13. Typhus 7. Meningitis and other invasive disease 14. Whooping cough (pertussis) (due to N. meningitidis or H. influenzae) CLASS II-The following diseases are reportable by mail or by telephone within seven days of diagnosis (Exceptions to the seven-day notification requirement are marked with an asterisk; see note below): 1. AIDS 24. Listeriosis 2. Amebiasis 25. Lyme disease 3. Animal bite 26. Malaria 4. Blastomycosis 27. Meningitis (due to bacteria other than those 5. Brucellosis listed on Class I, fungi, protozoa) and 6. Chlamydia* aseptic meningitis 7. Chickenpox 28. Mumps 8. Cryptosporidiosis 29. Ophthalmia neonatorum (gonococcal) 9. Encephalitis 30. Psittacosis 10. E. coli O157:H7 31. Reye syndrome 11. Giardiasis 32. Rocky Mountain spotted fever 12. Gonorrhea* 33. Rubella, including congenital 13. Hepatitis A 34. Salmonellosis (other than typhoid) 14. Hepatitis B(cases and carriers) 35. Shigellosis 15. Hepatitis, Delta 36. Staphylococcal infections occurring in 16. Hepatitis, non-A, non-B infants under 28 days within a health care 17. Hepatitis, viral unspecified institution, or with onset after discharge 18. Histoplasmosis 37. Streptococcal infections (due to Group A 19. HIV infection* streptococci, including pharyngitis, 20. Intestinal worms rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, A. Ascariasis scarlet fever and invasive disease) B. Tapeworms 38. Syphilis 21. Legionnaires’ disease 39. Tetanus 22. Leprosy 40. Toxic shock syndrome 23. Leptospirosis 41. Trachoma 42. Trichinosis 43. Tuberculosis 44. Tularemia *Must be reported by mail or by telephone to the local health authority within five days The occurrence of any increase in incidence of disease of unknown or unusual etiology should be reported, with major signs and symptoms listed. When an epidemic of a disease dangerous to the public health occurs, and present rules are not adequate for its control or prevention, more stringent requirements shall be issued by the Illinois Department of Public Health. A new reportable disease list was issued in April, 2001. 1 1999 Summary of Selected Illinois Infectious Diseases In Illinois, the communicable disease surveillance system relies on the passive reporting of data mandated by state law. The current reportable disease list requires reporting of certain diseases and of selected positive laboratory tests. The cooperation and support of health care providers, laboratories and local health departments are essential in maintaining a useful communicable disease surveillance system. Health care providers should report information on cases that fall within the reportable diseases and any unusual clusters of disease. There are 55 diseases or conditions listed as nationally reportable to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In 1999, the 10 most frequently reported notifiable infectious diseases in the entire United States were chlamydia, gonorrhea, AIDS, salmonellosis, hepatitis A, shigellosis, tuberculosis, Lyme disease, hepatitis B and pertussis. In 1999, 58 different types of infectious diseases were reportable to the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) (Table 15). A selection of these diseases is included in specific sections in this annual report along with some non-reportable diseases of importance in 1999. The numbers of cases of the various infectious diseases listed in this summary should be considered to be minimum estimates of the amount of disease in the state. There are several reasons why the reported numbers are lower than the actual incidence of disease. Many individuals do not seek medical care and thus are not diagnosed, some cases are diagnosed on a clinical basis without confirmatory or supportive laboratory testing and, among diagnosed cases, some are not reported. These surveillance data are used to evaluate trends over time and disease distribution rather than to identify with precision the total number of cases occurring in the state. The five most frequently reported nationally notifiable infectious diseases in Illinois were chlamydia, gonorrhea, salmonellosis, AIDS and shigellosis. Diseases that increased in 1999 over the previous five-year median included amebiasis, blastomycosis, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, chlamydia, invasive group A streptococcus and E. coli O157:H7. The number of reported cases of aseptic meningitis, Campylobacter, Neisseria meningitidis and hepatitis B have been decreasing compared to the previous five-year median. Highlights of 1999 in Illinois included the first case of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the largest outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 in the state. The outbreak occurred in Menard County and the risk factors for infection were consumption of beef and sitting on pasture ground. Also in July 1999, the CDC recommended postponing use of rotavirus vaccine after 15 reports of intussusception associated with the vaccine were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Following this, a case-control study on the possible association