GRECIA 0.6% CF GRECIA Country Profile / European Outlook 35.9% 63.5% IW NATIONAL ESTIMATE OF THE ITTP OI Figure 1. Share of illicit cigarette Figure 3. Share of illicit products, % (2013) market out of total consumption (2013) Source: Transcrime estimates Source: KPMG 2014 4.5 0.6% 4.0 CF GRECIA 3.535.9% 0.6% GRECIA3.0 63.5% CF IW 35.9% 2.5 63.5% 2.0 17.8% IW 1.5 OI 1.0 0.5 OI 0.0 Greece 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Figure 2. National volume of the ITTP, Figure 4. Share of illicit products, % billion sticks (2006–2013) (2006–2013) Source: KPMG 2014 Source:4.5 Transcrime estimates 100%4.0 4.5 3.5 4.0 3.080% CF 3.5 2.5 3.0 2.060% 2.5 1.5 IW 2.0 1.040% 1.5 0.5 0.0 1.0 20% OI 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 0.5 0.0 0% 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 100% THE LEGAL TOBACCO MARKET THE80% PREVALENCE OF ILLICIT CIGARETTESCF (2013) COUNTRY DATA 100% 80% CF 60% MARKET SIZE | 2013 Map 1. Prevalence and share of illicit IWproducts by area (2013) 60% Source:40% Transcrime estimates Capital City Legal sales of genuine GERIW GRE Athens domestic40% products (billion sticks) 20% OI Source: KPMG 2014 20% OI 0% Surface (WB 2014) 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 0% East Macedonia 131,960 km² 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 and Thrace 18.5 West Total population (WB 2014) Macedonia 11,032,328 (2013) Central Macedonia SMOKERS | 2011 Borders Current smoking of any tobacco Albania, Bulgaria, FYROM, product (age standardised rate) North Aegean Turkey Source: WHO 2014 Thessaly Epirus Gross Domestic Product, € (Eurostat 2014) 40.0% Central Greece 182.1 billion (2013) Attica PRICE | 2013 Ionian Islands West Price of a pack of the most Greece sold brand in € Source: European Commission 2013a South Aegean 3.8 Peloponnese TAXATION | 2013 Tax as % of the final retail price of the most sold brand Source: European Commission 2013a Crete Prevalence, million sticks per 100,000 inhabitants Stone bridge, Aoos river 84.4% 15 35 50 Tax per 1,000 sticks in € of the most sold brand Source: European Commission 2013a Share of illicit products, % CF IW OI 153.5 Non-estimated areas MAL 150 150 151 THE SIZE OF THE ILLICIT CIGARETTE MARKET THE PRODUCTS VOLUMES AND SEIZURES THE FLOWS Greece had a high level of the ITTP in In 2013, illicit whites were the most Greece is a mainly a transit point, and Serbia 2013, when illicit cigarettes accounted common type of illicit cigarettes (63.5% secondly a starting and ending point, for for 17.8% of the national market (KPMG of the illicit market) (Figure 3). Their Montenegro the ITTP. 2014) (Figure 1). share ranged from 29.8% (South Aegean) to 69.9% (Crete), exceeding 50% in 10 out Kosovo Considering the illicit flows recorded In 2013, 7 out of 13 Greek areas had a of 13 areas (Map 1). Nationally, the share Bulgaria between 2010 and 2013, Greece is medium low level of the ITTP in terms of of illicit whites was particularly high in primarily a transit point for smuggled volume (Map 2). The level of the ITTP was 2008 and 2009, it then decreased in 2010, cigarettes (Figure 6). The 70–75% of illicit very high in Attica (1,753 million sticks) and to rise again between 2011 and 2013. The Orestiada products arriving in Greece are intended in Central Macedonia (745 million sticks). growing trend followed by illicit whites for other countries (Hellenic Police 2013; Together, these two areas made up 63% of between 2010 and 2013 corresponded FYROM KEPE 2013). Chinese companies use the Greek illicit tobacco market. All of the to a decrease in the share of both other Greece as the last storage point before Serres Drama other Greek areas had a medium-low or illicit tobacco products and counterfeits East Macedonia smuggling cigarettes in the EU (DNA and Thrace medium-high volume of the ITTP (Map 2). (Figure 4). Kordelio-Evosmos 2011). Illicit products transiting through Pella Thessaloniki Greece come mainly from China, Egypt, Attica also had the highest prevalence of In 2013, the second most important Albania United Arab Emirates and Cyprus. Once illicit cigarettes (52.2 million sticks per illicit tobacco product was other Panorama in Greece, they are mainly distributed 100,000 inhabitants). East Macedonia and illicit cigarettes (35.9% of the illicit West to Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Thrace, Central Macedonia, and Crete market) (Figure 3). South Aegean, West Macedonia Belgium, Bulgaria, the UK, Montenegro, were other areas with a relatively high Macedonia, East Macedonia and Thrace Tempe FYROM and other Eastern European prevalence of illicit cigarettes (50.8, were the areas with the highest shares countries (e.g. Bulgaria). Larissa 46.0 and 44.6 respectively). Southern with a percentage of, respectively, 70.2%, Igoumenitsa Central Macedonia areas of West Greece (16.0), Peloponnese 61.6% and 60.9%. Central Greece (30.7%) Greece also has a role as a starting (16.5) and South Aegean (17.5) presented and Crete (30.1%), the areas with the point. Cigarettes are mainly exported Epirus Thessaly the lowest prevalence of illicit tobacco highest prevalences of the ITTP, had the Aegean to Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Sea consumption (Map 1). lowest ones (Map 1). Turkey the UK, where criminals benefit from a North Aegean higher price differential (Figure 7). Greece Between 2012 and 2013, the prevalence The third type of illicit cigarettes is additionally a producer of illicit withes of illicit cigarettes increased in 11 out of was counterfeits (0.6% of the illicit Central Chalcis manufactured in Kalamata (Peloponnese) 13 areas Greece Acharnes (Figure 5). The most remarkable market) (Figure 3). Attica (1.2%), Central Cephalonia Patras and illegally exported mainly to France increases occurred in Crete (+258%) and Macedonia (0.5%) and North Aegean and Spain (KPMG 2014). Following the Thessaly (+104%). The only exceptions were (0.2%) were the only two areas where Attica riseof cigarette unit prices in 2010, South Aegean and West Macedonia, which the consumption of counterfeits was Ionian Islands Athens Greece also became an ending point recorded a decrease of -53% and -4%. observed (Map 1). West Salamis market (Antonopoulos 2013; Euromonitor Greece International 2013k; Hellenic Police Figure 5. 2012–2013 comparison of illicit prevalence by area, million sticks per 100,000 inhabitants Piraeus 2013). Illicit tobacco products come Source: Transcrime estimates South Aegean mainly from Bulgaria, Turkey and other Ionian Peloponnese Balkan countries (i.e. FYROM, Kosovo, Sea West Macedonia 2013 Gytheio Moldova, Serbia), where cigarette prices are significantly lower (Figure 8). Greece West Greece 2012 is also an ending point market for illicit Thessaly whites produced in Cyprus (KPMG 2014). South Aegean Illicit products are smuggled in, Peloponnese through, or from Greece by water and motor vehicle. The vast majority of North Aegean N/A VOLUMES OF THE ITTP Chania seizures have occurred in the ports BY AREA 2013 CIGARETTES SEIZED 2013 Ionian Islands Heraklion of Igoumenitsa, Patras, Piraeus and Thessaloniki. Cigarettes arrive in Greece Epirus Million Sticks Million Sticks in large shipments originating from East Macedonia and Thrace Low [0; 20] Low [<0.1] Crete China, Egypt, Singapore and United Medium low (20; 160] Arab Emirates (see also Hellenic Police Crete Medium low (0.1; 1] Medium high (160; 440] 2013). Once in Greece, cigarettes are Central Macedonia Medium (1; 5] transferred to motor vehicles either on High (440; 720] Medium high (5; 50] ferries/motorboats or via inland routes Central Greece Map 2. Very high (720; 1760] (Stamatakis 2013; Tsiadis 2013). High (>50] Attica Non-estimated areas Sources Volume of the ITTP: Transcrime estimates Cigarettes seized: Transcrime elaboration (details in the Annex) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 152 153 THE FLOWS Figure 6. Greece as transit point (2010–2013).* N= 31 STARTING POINT TRANSIT POINT ENDING POINT BELGIUM BULGARIA CHINA FYROM CYPRUS GERMANY CE E EGYPT ITALY GRE MONTENEGRO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES NETHERLANDS UK Figure 7. Greece as starting point (2010–2013).* N= 22 STARTING POINT TRANSIT POINT ENDING POINT FRANCE BULGARIA FRANCE GERMANY CE GERMANY E ITALY ITALY GRE NETHERLANDS SPAIN UK Figure 8. Greece as ending point (2010–2013).* N= 17 STARTING POINT TRANSIT POINT ENDING POINT BULGARIA BULGARIA CYPRUS FYROM *The thickness of FYROM each line indicates CE the number of KOSOVO E cases reported MOLDOVA Source: Transcrime elaboration GRE RUSSIA (details in the Annex) SERBIA TURKEY UKRAINE 154 155 ACTORS AND MODUS OPERANDI INSIDE THE DATA Between 2010 and 2013 Greek Customs engaged in the supply chain of tobacco Evolution of the ITTP from 2006 GER Map 3. Prevalence of the ITTP by area, million sticks per 100,000 inhabitantsGRE (2006–2013) Figure 9. Cigarettes seized in Greece, million and newspapers reported 259 tobacco products to maintain complete and accurate Source: Transcrime estimates sticks (2008–2013)*** seizures involving 603 persons, mainly records of all relevant transactions. There to 2013 Source: Transcrime elaboration (details in the Annex) Greeks (25%), Pakistanis (22%) and is also a national legal provision on a 26 2006 Bulgarians (9%). Criminal organisations tracking and tracing system. However, a Volumes and prevalence 800 2007 from Russia, Ukraine and Albania were also publication by the Minister of Finance on 2008 700 involved in the ITTP (Antonopoulos 2003; implementing technical and operational Between 2006 and 2013, the 2009 600 national ITTP increased by 223% 2010 MPO 2005; Antonopoulos 2007a; Gounev specifications is still necessary for s 500 k 2011 c i in volume and by 226% in terms of t and Bezlov 2010).