International Agrophysics ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: Full Title: ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup Short Title: ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup Article Type: original research paper Section/Category: GHG Balance Keywords: ICOS, tower set up, protocol, greenhouse gas, eddy covariance technique Corresponding Author: Corinna Rebmann, Ph.D. Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Umweltforschung UFZ Leipzig, GERMANY Corresponding Author Secondary Information: Corresponding Author's Institution: Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Umweltforschung UFZ Corresponding Author's Secondary Institution: First Author: Corinna Rebmann, Ph.D. First Author Secondary Information: Order of Authors: Corinna Rebmann, Ph.D. Marc Aubinet, Prof. Hans Peter Schmid, Prof. Nicola Arriga, Ph.D. Mika Aurela, Ph.D. George Burba, Ph.D. Robert Clement, Ph.D. Anne De Ligne, Ph.D. Gerardo Fratini, Ph.D. Bert Gielen, Ph.D. John Grace, Prof. Alexander Graf, Ph.D. Patrick Gross Sami Haapanala Mathias Herbst, Ph.D. Lukas Hörtnagl, Ph.D. Andreas Ibrom, Ph.D. Lilian Joly, Ph.D. Natascha Natascha Kljun, Prof. Olaf Kolle Andrew Kowalski, Prof. Anders Lindroth, Prof. Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Denis Loustau, Prof. Ivan Mammarella, Ph.D. Matthias Mauder, Ph.D. Lutz Merbold, Ph.D. Stefan Metzger, Ph.D. Meelis Mölder, Ph.D. Leonardo Montagnani, Ph.D. Dario Papale, Ph.D. Marian Pavelka, Ph.D. Matthias Peichl, Dh.D. Marilyn Roland, Ph.D. Penélope Serrano Ortiz, Ph.D. Lukas Siebicke, Ph.D. Rainer Steinbrecher, Ph.D. Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Ph.D. Timo Vesala, Prof. Georg Wohlfahrt, Prof. Daniela Franz Order of Authors Secondary Information: Manuscript Region of Origin: GERMANY Abstract: At ecosystem stations of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), the principal technique for measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere fluxes of greenhouse gases is the eddy-covariance (EC) method. The establishment and setup of an EC tower have to be carefully reasoned to ensure high quality flux measurements representative of the investigated ecosystem. Variations in trace gas concentrations have to be measured at high frequency, simultaneously with the wind velocity, in order to fully capture turbulent fluctuations. This requires the use of high-frequency gas analysers and sonic anemometers. In addition, to analyze flux data with respect to environmental conditions but also to enable corrections in the post-processing procedures, it is necessary to measure air temperature, air humidity as well as air pressure in close vicinity to the fluxes. A careful, traceable and reproducible, post- processing is needed to ensure comparability of fluxes acquired at different measuring stations. Here we describe the standards ICOS has adopted for trace gas flux measurements at ecosystem stations regarding instrumentation and its setup of instrumentation on towers. The ICOS standards aim to maximize measurement precision and accuracy as well as the comparability of observations obtained across sites within the ICOS ecosystem network. Suggested Reviewers: Roland Vogt, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, University of Basel Meteorology [email protected] expert in eddy covariance with special emphasis on sonic anemometry Albin Hammerle, Ph.D. Universitat Innsbruck [email protected] expert in Biometeorology Eva van Gorsel, Ph.D. Australian National University [email protected] expert in land-atmosphere interactions Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Hank Loescher, Ph.D. National Ecological Observatory Network [email protected] NEON management director, environmental scientist with focus on ecosystem atmosphere exchange of energy and trace gases Opposed Reviewers: Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript Rebmann_et- al_ICOS_setUp_IRGA_Sonic_2017_3.docx 1 ICOS eddy covariance flux- 2 station site setup 3 4 Corinna Rebmann1, Marc Aubinet2, HaPe Schmid3, Nicola Arriga4, Mika Aurela5, George Burba6, 5 Robert Clement7, Anne De Ligne2, Gerardo Fratini6, Bert Gielen4, John Grace7,8, Alexander Graf9, 6 Patrick Gross10, Sami Haapanala11, Mathias Herbst12, Lukas Hörtnagl13, Andreas Ibrom14, Lilian Joly15, 7 Natascha Kljun16, Olaf Kolle17, Andrew Kowalski18, Anders Lindroth19, Denis Loustau20, Ivan 8 Mammarella21, Matthias Mauder3, Lutz Merbold22, Stefan Metzger23, 24, Meelis Mölder19, Leonardo 9 Montagnani25, Dario Papale26, Marian Pavelka27, Matthias Peichl28, Marilyn Roland4, Penélope 10 Serrano Ortiz29, Lukas Siebicke30, Rainer Steinbrecher3, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen5, Timo Vesala21,31, Georg 11 Wohlfahrt32, Daniela Franz33 12 13 1 Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 14 Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; 15 2 TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030, 16 Gembloux, Belgium; 17 3 Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe 18 Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany; 19 4 Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), University of Antwerp. 20 Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; 21 5 Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland; 22 6 Research and Development, LI-COR Biosciences, 4421 Superior St., Lincoln, NE 68504, USA; 23 7 School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, EH9 3JN, 24 Edinburgh, UK; 25 8 Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC 26 Canada V6T 1Z3; 27 9 Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen- 28 Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; 29 10 UMR EEF, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 54280 Champenoux, France; 1 30 11 Suvilumi - Environmental Measurements and Engineering, Pähkinätie 7 E, 00780 Helsinki; 31 12 Zentrum für Agrarmeteorologische Forschung Braunschweig (ZAMF), Deutscher Wetterdienst, 32 Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany; 33 13 Department of Environmental System Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 34 Universitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland; 35 14 Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, 2800 36 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; 37 15 Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique GSMA, Université de Reims-Champagne 38 Ardenne, UMR CNRS 7331, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims 2, France; 39 16 Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK; 40 17 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 10 01 64, 07701, Jena, Germany; 41 18 Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain; 42 19 Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362, 43 Lund, Sweden; 44 20 INRA UMR 1391 ISPA, F-33140, Villenave D’Ornon, France; 45 21 Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Sciences, POBox 68, FI- 46 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; 47 22 Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, 48 Kenya; 49 23 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 1225 West Dayton 50 Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States 51 24 National Ecological Observatory Network, Battelle, 1685 38th Street, CO 80301 Boulder, USA 52 25 Faculty of Science and Technology, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy 53 26 Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of 54 Tuscia, Largo dell'Università - Blocco D, 01100, Viterbo, Italy; 55 27 Department of Matters and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of 56 Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300, Brno, Czech Republic; 57 28 Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 58 Skogsmarksgränd, 90183, Umeå, Sweden; 59 29 Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain; 60 30 Fakultät für Forstwissenschaften und Waldökologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 61 Büsgenweg 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany; 62 31 Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and 63 Forestry, POBox 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; 64 32 Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck, Austria 2 65 33 Thuenen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 65, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany 66 67 Correspondence to: Corinna Rebmann ([email protected]) 68 Abstract 69 At ecosystem stations of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), the principal technique 70 for measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere fluxes of greenhouse gases is the eddy-covariance (EC) 71 method. The establishment and setup of an EC tower have to be carefully reasoned to ensure high 72 quality flux measurements representative of the investigated ecosystem. Variations in trace gas 73 concentrations have to be measured at high frequency, simultaneously with the wind velocity, in 74 order to fully capture turbulent fluctuations. This requires the use of high-frequency gas analysers 75 and sonic anemometers. In addition, to analyze flux data with respect to environmental conditions 76 but also to enable corrections in the post-processing procedures,