<p><strong>MASTERARBEIT </strong></p><p>Titel der Masterarbeit </p><p>Past and Future Development of the Airline Industry in South- and North East Asia </p><p>Verfasserin ODER Verfasser </p><p>Christian Nau, BA </p><p>angestrebter akademischer Grad </p><p>Master of Arts (MA) </p><p>Wien, Mai 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Betreuerin ODER Betreuer: <br>A 066 864 Masterstudium Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Ostasiens Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Frank </p><p>2</p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#7_0"><strong>1</strong></a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#7_0"><strong>Introduction to the Past and Future Development of the Airline Industry </strong></a></li></ul><p><a href="#7_0"><strong>in South- and North East Asi</strong></a><a href="#7_0"><strong>a</strong></a><a href="#7_0"><strong>.</strong></a><a href="#7_0"><strong>.......................................................................</strong></a><a href="#7_0"><strong>.</strong></a><a href="#7_0"><strong>7 </strong></a></p><p><a href="#10_0"><strong>2 Measuring</strong></a><a href="#10_0"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></a><a href="#10_0"><strong>Development of the Airline Industry ...................................... 10 </strong></a></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#10_1"><strong>2.1 </strong></a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#10_1"><strong>State of the Art and Existing Literature .............................................................10 </strong></a></li></ul><p></p><p><a href="#11_0"><strong>The Region “Asia</strong></a><a href="#11_0"><strong>-</strong></a><a href="#11_0"><strong>Pacific” and Focusing on Certain Countries </strong></a><a href="#11_0"><strong>....................11 </strong></a></p><p><a href="#12_0"><strong>Defining Past and Future Development.............................................................12 </strong></a><a href="#13_0"><strong>Methodology: Analysing and Comparing the Airline Industry Development </strong></a><br><a href="#11_0"><strong>2.2 </strong></a><a href="#12_0"><strong>2.3 </strong></a><a href="#13_0"><strong>2.4 </strong></a><a href="#13_0"><strong>Divided by Airports, Airlines and Manufacturer</strong></a><a href="#13_0"><strong>s</strong></a><a href="#13_0"><strong>.</strong></a><a href="#13_0"><strong>.......................................................13 </strong></a></p><p><a href="#13_1">2.4.1 Sourcin</a><a href="#13_1">g</a><a href="#13_1">...............................................................................................................</a><a href="#13_1">&nbsp;</a><a href="#13_1">13 </a><a href="#14_0">2.4.2 Dividing</a><a href="#14_0">&nbsp;</a><a href="#14_0">the Aviation Industry into Categorie</a><a href="#14_0">s</a><a href="#14_0">.</a><a href="#14_0">......................................................... 14 </a><a href="#15_0">2.4.3 Airports</a><a href="#15_0">&nbsp;</a><a href="#15_0">in East Asi</a><a href="#15_0">a</a><a href="#15_0">.</a><a href="#15_0">............................................................................................. 15 </a><a href="#16_0">2.4.4 North-</a><a href="#16_0">&nbsp;</a><a href="#16_0">and South-East</a><a href="#16_0">-</a><a href="#16_0">A</a><a href="#16_0">sian Airlines...................................................................... 16 </a><br><a href="#16_1">2.4.4.1 Choice</a><a href="#16_1">&nbsp;</a><a href="#16_1">of Airline</a><a href="#16_1">s</a><a href="#16_1">.</a><a href="#16_1">.......................................................................................... 16 </a><a href="#17_0">2.4.4.2 Financial</a><a href="#17_0">&nbsp;</a><a href="#17_0">Data Development Analysis.............................................................. 17 </a><br><a href="#17_1">2.4.4.2.1 Choosing</a><a href="#17_1">&nbsp;</a><a href="#17_1">Financial Criteria for Analysis ...................................................... 17 </a><a href="#18_0">2.4.4.2.2 Passenger</a><a href="#18_0">&nbsp;</a><a href="#18_0">Revenue, Total Revenue and Expenses..................................... 18 </a><a href="#18_1">2.4.4.2.3 Operating</a><a href="#18_1">&nbsp;</a><a href="#18_1">Profit and Operating Ratio .......................................................... 18 </a><br><a href="#18_2">2.4.4.3 Operational</a><a href="#18_2">&nbsp;</a><a href="#18_2">Data Development Analysi</a><a href="#18_2">s</a><a href="#18_2">.</a><a href="#18_2">......................................................... 18 </a><br><a href="#18_3">2.4.4.3.1 Choosing</a><a href="#18_3">&nbsp;</a><a href="#18_3">Operational Criteria for Analysis .................................................. 18 </a><a href="#19_0">1.1.1.1.1 Available</a><a href="#19_0">&nbsp;</a><a href="#19_0">Seat Miles, Revenue Passenger Miles and Load Factor ................ 19 </a><a href="#19_1">2.4.4.3.2 Passenger</a><a href="#19_1">&nbsp;</a><a href="#19_1">Number</a><a href="#19_1">s</a><a href="#19_1">.</a><a href="#19_1">................................................................................. 19 </a><a href="#20_0">2.4.4.3.3 Aircraft</a><a href="#20_0">&nbsp;</a><a href="#20_0">Utilization Rate............................................................................... 20 </a><br><a href="#20_1">2.4.4.4 Key</a><a href="#20_1">&nbsp;</a><a href="#20_1">Indicators in Regard to Airline Development .............................................. 20 </a><br><a href="#20_2">2.4.4.4.1 Combining</a><a href="#20_2">&nbsp;</a><a href="#20_2">Operational and Financial Data.................................................. 20 </a><a href="#20_3">2.4.4.4.2 CASM:</a><a href="#20_3">&nbsp;</a><a href="#20_3">Cost per Available Seat Mil</a><a href="#20_3">e</a><a href="#20_3">.</a><a href="#20_3">.......................................................... 20 </a><a href="#0_0">2.4.4.4.3 Yield:</a><a href="#0_0">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_0">Revenue per Passenger Mil</a><a href="#0_0">e</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">........................................................... 21 </a><a href="#0_1">2.4.4.4.4 Calculation</a><a href="#0_1">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_1">of a Profitability Index ............................................................... 21 </a><a href="#0_2">2.4.4.4.5 Calculation</a><a href="#0_2">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_2">of an Efficiency Index ............................................................... 21 </a><br><a href="#0_3">2.4.4.5 Displaying,</a><a href="#0_3">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_3">Analysing and Comparing Results.................................................. 22 </a><br><a href="#0_4">2.4.5 Aircraft</a><a href="#0_4">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_4">Manufacturers and the Asia Pacific Market .................................................. 22 </a></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_5"><strong>2.5 </strong></a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_5"><strong>Growth in the Airline Industry.............................................................................23 </strong></a></li></ul><p></p><p><a href="#0_6">2.5.1 Defining</a><a href="#0_6">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_6">Growth Factors ........................................................................................ 23 </a><a href="#0_7">2.5.2 Overall</a><a href="#0_7">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_7">Economic Growth and its Interdependence with the Airline Industry .............. 23 </a><a href="#0_8">2.5.3 </a><a href="#0_8">T</a><a href="#0_8">h</a><a href="#0_8">e Impact of Crisis’ to the Airline Industry</a><a href="#0_8">.............................................................. 24 </a><a href="#0_9">2.5.4 Population</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Growth, Urbanization and the Emergence of a Middle-Class.................... 25 </a><a href="#0_10">2.5.5 The</a><a href="#0_10">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_10">Impact of Falling Prices as a Result of Competition in the Marke</a><a href="#0_10">t</a><a href="#0_10">....................... 26 </a><a href="#0_11">2.5.6 Alternative</a><a href="#0_11">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_11">Forms of Transportation ........................................................................ 27 </a><a href="#0_9">2.5.7 Government</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Regulations ....................................................................................... 28 </a><a href="#0_0">2.5.8 Tourism</a><a href="#0_0">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_0">as Growth Factor for the Airline Industry .................................................... 30 </a><a href="#0_9">2.5.9 Other</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Airline Industry Growth Factors ..................................................................... 32 </a></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_12"><strong>3</strong></a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_12"><strong>Past Development of the Airline Industry................................................ 32 </strong></a></li></ul><p></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_13"><strong>3.1 </strong></a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_13"><strong>Introduction to Asia-Pacific Airline Industry ....................................................32 </strong></a></li></ul><p></p><p><a href="#0_14">3.1.1 Development</a><a href="#0_14">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_14">of the Airline Industry until 200</a><a href="#0_14">0</a><a href="#0_14">.</a><a href="#0_14">........................................................ 32 </a><a href="#0_15">3.1.2 Defining</a><a href="#0_15">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_15">and distinguishing Full Service Airlines and Low Cost Carriers .................... 34 </a></p><p>3</p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_9"><strong>3.2 </strong></a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_9"><strong>Airline Industry Development in North-East-Asia ............................................37 </strong></a></li></ul><p></p><p><a href="#0_16">3.2.1 Past</a><a href="#0_16">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_16">Development of Low Cost Carrier Airlines in North East Asi</a><a href="#0_16">a</a><a href="#0_16">............................ 37 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.2 Case</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Study 1: China.............................................................................................. 39 </a><br><a href="#0_16">3.2.2.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_16">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_16">to the Development of Aviation in the P.R.C. ................................. 39 </a><a href="#0_17">3.2.2.2 Development</a><a href="#0_17">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_17">of Airline Industry Growth Factors in Chin</a><a href="#0_17">a</a><a href="#0_17">.................................. 39 </a><br><a href="#0_18">3.2.2.2.1 Economic</a><a href="#0_18">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_18">Growth Development in the P.R.C............................................... 39 </a><a href="#0_19">3.2.2.2.2 Population</a><a href="#0_19">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_19">Development and Urban Population in Chin</a><a href="#0_19">a</a><a href="#0_19">.............................. 40 </a><a href="#0_20">3.2.2.2.3 Development</a><a href="#0_20">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_20">of Competition ...................................................................... 40 </a><a href="#0_21">3.2.2.2.4 Development</a><a href="#0_21">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_21">of Alternative Transportation in Chin</a><a href="#0_21">a</a><a href="#0_21">.</a><a href="#0_21">.................................... 40 </a><a href="#0_22">3.2.2.2.5 Development</a><a href="#0_22">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_22">of Chinese Government Regulations ...................................... 41 </a><a href="#0_19">3.2.2.2.6 Tourism</a><a href="#0_19">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_19">Development in the P.R.</a><a href="#0_19">C</a><a href="#0_19">............................................................. 44 </a><br><a href="#0_23">3.2.2.3 Airports</a><a href="#0_23">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_23">in China ............................................................................................ 45 </a><a href="#0_24">3.2.2.4 Airlines</a><a href="#0_24">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_24">in China............................................................................................. 47 </a><br><a href="#0_25">3.2.2.4.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_25">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_25">to Airlines in China .................................................................. 47 </a><a href="#0_26">3.2.2.4.2 Air</a><a href="#0_26">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_26">China................................................................................................... 47 </a><br><a href="#0_27">3.2.2.4.2.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_27">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_27">to Air China ...................................................................... 47 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.2.4.2.2 Statistical</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Data for Air China................................................................. 48 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.2.4.2.3 Financial</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_9">s</a><a href="#0_9">.</a><a href="#0_9">.......................................................... 49 </a><a href="#0_28">3.2.2.4.2.4 Operational</a><a href="#0_28">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_28">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_28">s</a><a href="#0_28">.</a><a href="#0_28">...................................................... 49 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.2.4.2.5 Analysis</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">of Key Indicators of Airline Development.................................. 50 </a><br><a href="#0_29">3.2.2.4.3 China</a><a href="#0_29">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_29">Southern ......................................................................................... 50 </a><br><a href="#0_30">3.2.2.4.3.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_30">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_30">to China Southern ............................................................. 50 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.2.4.3.2 Statistic</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Data for China Southern.......................................................... 51 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.2.4.3.3 Financial</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_9">s</a><a href="#0_9">.</a><a href="#0_9">.......................................................... 52 </a><a href="#0_31">3.2.2.4.3.4 Operational</a><a href="#0_31">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_31">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_31">s</a><a href="#0_31">.</a><a href="#0_31">...................................................... 52 </a><a href="#0_32">3.2.2.4.3.5 Analysis</a><a href="#0_32">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_32">of Key Indicators of Airline Development.................................. 52 </a><br><a href="#0_33">3.2.2.4.4 China</a><a href="#0_33">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_33">Eastern ........................................................................................... 53 </a><br><a href="#0_34">3.2.2.4.4.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_34">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_34">to China Easter</a><a href="#0_34">n</a><a href="#0_34">.</a><a href="#0_34">.............................................................. 53 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.2.4.4.2 Statistic</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Data for China Eastern............................................................ 54 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.2.4.4.3 Financial</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_9">s</a><a href="#0_9">.</a><a href="#0_9">.......................................................... 55 </a><a href="#0_35">3.2.2.4.4.4 Operational</a><a href="#0_35">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_35">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_35">s</a><a href="#0_35">.</a><a href="#0_35">...................................................... 55 </a><a href="#0_36">3.2.2.4.4.5 Analysis</a><a href="#0_36">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_36">of Key Indicators of Airline Development.................................. 55 </a><br><a href="#0_33">3.2.2.4.5 Findings</a><a href="#0_33">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_33">in Regard to Chinese Airlines........................................................ 56 </a><br><a href="#0_22">3.2.2.5 Aircraft</a><a href="#0_22">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_22">Manufacturers and China .................................................................... 57 </a><br><a href="#0_37">3.2.3 Case</a><a href="#0_37">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_37">Study 2: Japan ............................................................................................. 58 </a></p><p><a href="#0_38">3.2.3.1 </a><a href="#0_38">Introduction to Japan as one of the World’s Strongest Economie</a><a href="#0_38">s</a><a href="#0_38">..................... 58 </a></p><p><a href="#0_39">3.2.3.2 Development</a><a href="#0_39">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_39">of Airline Industry Growth Factors in Japan ................................. 58 </a><br><a href="#0_40">3.2.3.2.1 Economic</a><a href="#0_40">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_40">Growth Development in Japan .................................................... 58 </a><a href="#0_41">3.2.3.2.2 Population</a><a href="#0_41">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_41">Development and Urban Population in Japan ............................. 59 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.3.2.3 Development</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">of Competition in the Japanese Airline Industr</a><a href="#0_9">y</a><a href="#0_9">.</a><a href="#0_9">...................... 60 </a><a href="#0_42">3.2.3.2.4 Development</a><a href="#0_42">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_42">of Alternative Transportation in Japan .................................... 60 </a><a href="#0_43">3.2.3.2.5 Development</a><a href="#0_43">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_43">of Government Regulations in Japa</a><a href="#0_43">n</a><a href="#0_43">...................................... 60 </a><a href="#0_9">3.2.3.2.6 Development</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">of Tourism in Japan............................................................... 62 </a><br><a href="#0_44">3.2.3.3 Japanese</a><a href="#0_44">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_44">Airport</a><a href="#0_44">s</a><a href="#0_44">.</a><a href="#0_44">......................................................................................... 62 </a><a href="#0_45">3.2.3.4 Airlines</a><a href="#0_45">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_45">in Japan............................................................................................. 64 </a><br><a href="#0_46">3.2.3.4.1 </a><a href="#0_46">Introduction to Japan’s Airline</a><a href="#0_46">s</a><a href="#0_46">................................................................... 64 </a><a href="#0_47">3.2.3.4.2 Japan</a><a href="#0_47">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_47">Airlines ........................................................................................... 64 </a><br><a href="#0_48">3.2.3.4.2.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_48">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_48">to Japan Airlines ............................................................... 64 </a><a href="#0_49">3.2.3.4.2.2 Statistical</a><a href="#0_49">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_49">Data for Japan Airlines ......................................................... 64 </a></p><p>4</p><p><a href="#0_9">3.2.3.4.2.3 Financial</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_9">s</a><a href="#0_9">.</a><a href="#0_9">.......................................................... 66 </a><a href="#0_50">3.2.3.4.2.4 Operational</a><a href="#0_50">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_50">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_50">s</a><a href="#0_50">.</a><a href="#0_50">...................................................... 66 </a><a href="#0_51">3.2.3.4.2.5 Analysis</a><a href="#0_51">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_51">of Key Indicators of Airline Development.................................. 67 </a><br><a href="#0_52">3.2.3.4.3 All</a><a href="#0_52">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_52">Nippon Airways..................................................................................... 68 </a><br><a href="#0_53">3.2.3.4.3.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_53">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_53">to All Nippon Airways ........................................................ 68 </a><a href="#0_23">3.2.3.4.3.2 Statistical</a><a href="#0_23">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_23">Data for All Nippon Airways .................................................. 69 </a><a href="#0_54">3.2.3.4.3.3 Financial</a><a href="#0_54">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_54">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_54">s</a><a href="#0_54">.</a><a href="#0_54">.......................................................... 70 </a><a href="#0_55">3.2.3.4.3.4 Operational</a><a href="#0_55">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_55">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_55">s</a><a href="#0_55">.</a><a href="#0_55">...................................................... 70 </a><a href="#0_56">3.2.3.4.3.5 Analysis</a><a href="#0_56">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_56">of Key Indicators of Airline Development.................................. 71 </a><br><a href="#0_3">3.2.3.4.4 Findings</a><a href="#0_3">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_3">in Regard to Japanese Airlines...................................................... 72 </a><br><a href="#0_57">3.2.3.5 Aircraft</a><a href="#0_57">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_57">Manufacturers in Japan....................................................................... 73 </a></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_58"><strong>3.3 </strong></a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_58"><strong>South-East-Asian Airline Industry Development..............................................73 </strong></a></li></ul><p></p><p><a href="#0_59">3.3.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_59">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_59">to the Development of South East Asia................................................. 73 </a><a href="#0_23">3.3.2 Development</a><a href="#0_23">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_23">of Growth Factors Affecting the ASEAN Regio</a><a href="#0_23">n</a><a href="#0_23">.</a><a href="#0_23">................................. 74 </a><br><a href="#0_45">3.3.2.1 Government</a><a href="#0_45">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_45">Regulatory Policies on the Regional Level: Open Sky in ASEAN.... 74 </a><a href="#0_3">3.3.2.2 The</a><a href="#0_3">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_3">Asian Financial Crisis and its Influences onto the South East Asian Aviation </a><a href="#0_3">Industry 76 </a><br><a href="#0_60">3.3.3 Low</a><a href="#0_60">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_60">Cost Carrier Emergence and Development in South-East Asia.......................... 77 </a><a href="#0_52">3.3.4 Case</a><a href="#0_52">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_52">Study 3: Singapore ....................................................................................... 78 </a><br><a href="#0_61">3.3.4.1 </a><a href="#0_61">Introduction to Singapore’s Developmen</a><a href="#0_61">t</a><a href="#0_61">......................................................... 78 </a><a href="#0_19">3.3.4.2 Development</a><a href="#0_19">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_19">of Airline Industry Growth Factors in Singapore ........................... 79 </a><br><a href="#0_62">3.3.4.2.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_62">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_62">to the Development of Growth Factors in Singapore .................. 79 </a><a href="#0_63">3.3.4.2.2 Economic</a><a href="#0_63">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_63">Development of Singapore ......................................................... 79 </a><a href="#0_64">3.3.4.2.3 Population</a><a href="#0_64">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_64">Development and Urban Population in Singapore ....................... 80 </a></p><p><a href="#0_65">3.3.4.2.4 </a><a href="#0_65">De</a><a href="#0_65">v</a><a href="#0_65">elopment of Competition within Singapore’s Airline Industry </a><a href="#0_65">................... 80 </a></p><p><a href="#0_9">3.3.4.2.5 Development</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">of Alternative Transportation in Singapore .............................. 81 </a><a href="#0_66">3.3.4.2.6 Development</a><a href="#0_66">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_66">of Government Regulations ................................................... 81 </a><a href="#0_9">3.3.4.2.7 Development</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">of Tourism in Singapore ........................................................ 82 </a><br><a href="#0_9">3.3.4.3 Airlines</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">in Singapore ...................................................................................... 83 </a><br><a href="#0_67">3.3.4.3.1 Singapore</a><a href="#0_67">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_67">Airlines ..................................................................................... 83 </a><br><a href="#0_68">3.3.4.3.1.1 Introduction</a><a href="#0_68">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_68">to Singapore Airlines ......................................................... 83 </a><a href="#0_69">3.3.4.3.1.2 Statistical</a><a href="#0_69">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_69">Data for Singapore Airlines ................................................... 83 </a><a href="#0_9">3.3.4.3.1.3 Financial</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_9">s</a><a href="#0_9">.</a><a href="#0_9">.......................................................... 85 </a><a href="#0_70">3.3.4.3.1.4 Operational</a><a href="#0_70">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_70">Development Analysi</a><a href="#0_70">s</a><a href="#0_70">.</a><a href="#0_70">...................................................... 85 </a><a href="#0_71">3.3.4.3.1.5 Analysis</a><a href="#0_71">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_71">of Key Indicators of Airline Development.................................. 85 </a><br><a href="#0_41">3.3.4.3.2 Findings</a><a href="#0_41">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_41">in Regard to Singaporean Airlines ................................................. 86 </a><a href="#0_72">3.3.4.3.3 Low</a><a href="#0_72">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_72">Cost Carriers in Singapore .................................................................. 86 </a><br><a href="#0_5">3.3.4.4 Aircraft</a><a href="#0_5">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_5">Manufacturers and Singapore.............................................................. 87 </a><a href="#0_73">3.3.4.5 Airport</a><a href="#0_73">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_73">Development in Singapore ................................................................... 87 </a><br><a href="#0_9">3.3.5 Case</a><a href="#0_9">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_9">Study 4: Malaysi</a><a href="#0_9">a</a><a href="#0_9">.</a><a href="#0_9">........................................................................................ 88 </a><br><a href="#0_16">3.3.5.1 </a><a href="#0_16">Introduction to Malaysia’s Developmen</a><a href="#0_16">t</a><a href="#0_16">........................................................... 88 </a><a href="#0_74">3.3.5.2 Development</a><a href="#0_74">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_74">of Airline Growth Factors in Malaysi</a><a href="#0_74">a</a><a href="#0_74">.</a><a href="#0_74">......................................... 88 </a><br><a href="#0_75">3.3.5.2.1 Economic</a><a href="#0_75">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_75">Growth Development in Malaysia................................................ 88 </a><a href="#0_76">3.3.5.2.2 Population</a><a href="#0_76">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_76">Development and Urban Population in Malaysia ......................... 88 </a><a href="#0_77">3.3.5.2.3 Development</a><a href="#0_77">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_77">of Competition ...................................................................... 89 </a><a href="#0_78">3.3.5.2.4 Development</a><a href="#0_78">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_78">of Alternative Transportation in Malaysia ................................ 89 </a><a href="#0_64">3.3.5.2.5 Development</a><a href="#0_64">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_64">of Malaysian Government Regulations ................................... 90 </a><a href="#0_79">1.1.1.1.2 Tourism</a><a href="#0_79">&nbsp;</a><a href="#0_79">Development in Malaysi</a><a href="#0_79">a</a><a href="#0_79">.</a><a href="#0_79">............................................................. 90 </a></p>