Soil Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications Second Edition Soil Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications Second Edition Isao Ishibashi Hemanta Hazarika Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Isao Ishibashi and Hemanta Hazarika hold the exclusive rights to the Japanese language translation of this work. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20150211 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-5042-8 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To our parents and families Contents Preface to the First Edition ....................................................................................xvii Preface to the Second Edition .................................................................................xix The Authors ......................................................................................................... xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................1 1.1 Soil Mechanics and Related Fields ............................................1 1.2 Biography of Dr. Karl von Terzaghi ..........................................1 1.3 Uniqueness of Soils ...................................................................4 1.4 Approaches to Soil Mechanics Problems ..................................4 1.5 Examples of Soil Mechanics Problems .....................................5 1.5.1 Leaning Tower of Pisa ..................................................5 1.5.2 Sinking of Kansai International Airport ......................5 1.5.3 Liquefaction—Sand Becomes Liquid during Earthquake ...................................................................7 References ............................................................................................8 Chapter 2 Physical Properties of Soils ...............................................................9 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................9 2.2 Origin of Soils ...........................................................................9 2.3 Soil Particle Shapes ................................................................. 10 2.4 Definitions of Terms with Three-Phase Diagram ...................12 2.5 Particle Size and Gradation ..................................................... 18 2.6 Summary .................................................................................24 References ..........................................................................................24 Problems .............................................................................................24 Chapter 3 Clays and Their Behavior ................................................................29 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................29 3.2 Clay Minerals ..........................................................................29 3.2.1 Kaolinite Clay ............................................................30 3.2.2 Montmorillonite Clay .................................................30 3.2.3 Illite Clay .................................................................... 33 3.3 Clay Shapes and Surface Areas ...............................................34 3.4 Surface Charge of Clay Particles ............................................. 35 3.5 Clay–Water Systems ................................................................ 35 3.6 Interaction of Clay Particles ....................................................37 3.6.1 Van der Waal’s Force (Attractive) ..............................38 3.6.2 Dipole–Cation–Dipole Attraction ..............................38 vii viii Contents 3.6.3 Cation Linkage (Attractive) ........................................38 3.6.4 Cation–Cation Repulsive Force..................................38 3.6.5 Anion–Anion Repulsive Force ...................................38 3.7 Clay Structures ........................................................................40 3.8 Atterberg Limits and Indices ................................................... 41 3.9 Activity ....................................................................................45 3.10 Swelling and Shrinkage of Clays ............................................46 3.11 Sensitivity and Quick Clay ...................................................... 47 3.12 Clay Versus Sand .....................................................................49 3.13 Summary .................................................................................50 References ..........................................................................................50 Problems ............................................................................................. 51 Chapter 4 Soil Classification ............................................................................. 53 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 53 4.2 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) ............................. 53 4.2.1 For G or S ................................................................... 55 4.2.2 For C, M, O, or Pt .......................................................56 4.3 AASHTO Classification System .............................................57 4.4 Summary ................................................................................. 61 References ..........................................................................................62 Problems .............................................................................................62 Chapter 5 Compaction .......................................................................................65 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................65 5.2 Relative Density .......................................................................65 5.3 Laboratory Compaction Test ...................................................67 5.3.1 Standard Proctor Test Procedure ................................67 5.3.2 Compaction Curve......................................................68 5.3.3 Zero Air Void Curve ..................................................70 5.3.4 Compaction Energy .................................................... 71 5.4 Specification of Compaction in the Field ................................72 5.5 Field Compaction Methods...................................................... 74 5.5.1 Compaction Equipment .............................................. 74 5.5.2 Dynamic Compaction................................................. 76 5.6 Field Density Determinations ..................................................77 5.6.1 Sand Cone Method .....................................................77 5.6.2 Other Field Density Methods .....................................80 5.7 California Bearing Ratio Test..................................................80 5.8 Summary ................................................................................. 81 References ..........................................................................................82 Problems .............................................................................................82 Contents ix Chapter 6 Flow of Water through Soils ............................................................85 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................85 6.2 Hydraulic Heads and Water Flow ............................................85 6.3 Darcy’s Equation .....................................................................87