T TO ANEMERGINGFIELDO FSTUDY Ljubljana, 1999 HE CONTRIBUTIONOFISCAE FOR ADULT EDUCATION FOR ADULT INSTITUTE SLOVENIAN EDUCATION ADULT FOR COMPARATIVE SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL C O M P A R A T I V E A D U L T E D U C A T I O N 1 9 9 8 ■ ■ ■ EDITORS Zoran Jelenc Michal BronJr Jost Reischmann ■ CIP - Katalo`ni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knji`nica, Ljubljana 374.7(082) COMPARATIVE adult education 1998 : the contribution of ISCAE to an emerging field of study / Øeditors Jost Reischmann, Michal Bron Jr, Zoran JelencÅ. - Ljubljana : Slovene Adult Education Centre ; ØBambergÅ : International Society for Comparative Adult Education, 1999 ISBN 961-6130-27-7 (Slovene Adult Education Centre) 1. Reischmann, Jost 2. Bron, Michal, ml. 98276352 According to the statement of the Ministry of Education and Sport No. 403-24/99-05 of 19.2.1999 the publication is a subject 5% sales tax. .......................................................................... COMPARATIVE ADULT EDUCATION 1998 .......................................................................... T he Contribution of ISCAE to an Emerging Field of Study This publication was created on the bases of contributions presented at the conferences ISCAE 1995 in Bamberg (Germany) and ISCAE 1998 in Radovljica (Slovenia). The publication was financially supported by the Ministry for Science and Technology, Republic of Slovenia. Publisher: Slovenian Adult Education Institute Represented by: Dr Vida A. Mohor~i~ [polar, directress In cooperation with: International Society for Comparative Adult Education – ISCAE Represented by: Dr Jost Reischmann, president Editors: Dr Jost Reischmann, Dr Michal Bron Jr, Dr Zoran Jelenc Executive editor: Jasmina Mir~eva, M.A Language editing by: Alan McConnel Duff Design and cover design by: LINA Design Typesetting by: Ksenija and Vojan Konvalinka Printed by: Tiskarna Radovljica First edition: 250 copies .......................................................................... CKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................A ISCAE - the International Society for Comparative Adult Education - would like to thank the German Academic Research Society DAAD and the Univer- sity of Bamberg for supporting its conference 1995 in Bamberg; and the Ministry for Education and Sport of Republic of Slovenia, the Open Society Institute – Slovenia and the Slovene Adult Education Center for supporting its conference 1998 in Radovljica and the publication of this volume. ISCAE and the editors highly appreciate the valuable substance and effort of all presen- ters at the conferences, and especially the contributors to this book. We also thank the staff of the Slovenian Adult Education Institute for their diligence and patience in preparing this book. The Editors Dear reader, We have our utmost to ensure that the references in this book are as well co-ordinated as possible. On the whole we believe that we have succeeded in doing so; there were however, certain places where we were not able to obtain the feedback data or the author wished to use his/her personal style. In such cases we have not followed the overall style of presentation. .......................................................................... ONTENTS ..........................................................................C Introduction . .9 Jost Reischmann, President ISCAE: International and Comparative Adult Education . 11 ➊ Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations . 17 Joachim Knoll, Germany: Development and Fundamental Principles of Interna- tional and Comparative Adult Education Research . 19 Colin Titmus, Great Britain: Comparative Adult Education: Some Reflections on the Process . 33 Alexander Charters, USA: Standards for Comparative Adult Education Research . 51 Marcie Boucouvalas, USA: Comparative Thinking and the Structures of Adult Cognition: An Epistemological and Methodological Challenge for Comparative Adult Education . 65 Dilnawaz Siddiqui, USA: The End of Ideology and History Debate: Implications for the Philosophy of Comparative Adult Education . 77 ➋ International Comparative Studies . 95 Du{an Savi}evi}, FR Yugoslavia: Understanding Andragogy in Europe and America: Comparing and Contrasting . 97 Nevenka Bogataj, Slovenia: Study Circle Topics in Slovenia and Sweden . 121 5 Eun-Soo Choi, Korea: Adult Education Policies and Credit Bank Systems for Adult Participation in Korean and US Higher Education . 135 Zoran Jelenc, Slovenia: National Strategies of Adult Education . 147 Kwan-Chun Lee, Korea: Methodological Issues in Cross-Cultural Study of Adult’s Value System: with Reference to Comparison between Korea and Australia . 169 Roger Morris, Australia: Adult Learners’ Week. Australia and Slovenia: A First Attempt at Comparison . 183 ➌ Problems and Pitfalls in International Comparison . 193 Jost Reischmann, Germany: World Perspective and Landmarks in Adult Education - Critical Re-Analysis . 195 Barry J. Hake, the Netherlands: Problems and Pitfalls in Comparative Andragogy: Some Notes on the Research Process in Comparative Historical Studies . 213 Wolfgang Jütte, Germany: Indicators of the „Learning Society“: Methodological Aspects of an International Research Project . 223 Zoran Jelenc, Slovenia: Some questions concerning International Partnership in Comparative Research on Adult Education . 235 Madeleine Blais, Canada: Experiencing a Dialogic Approach . 251 Wolfgang Jütte, Germany: Translation Difficulties and the Importance of Terminology Work in Comparative Adult Education . 261 6 ➍ International Societies . 273 Jost Reischmann, Germany: ISCAE - International Society for Comparative Adult Education . 275 Barry J. Hake, the Netherlands: ESREA - European Society for Research on the Education of Adults . 289 Paul Bélanger, UNESCO Hamburg: CONFINTEA V: A UNESCO-led Conference of Adult Learning in the Perspective on Lifelong Learning . 301 ➎ ISCAE Conference Reports . 317 Margaret Charters, USA: International Expert Seminar: Methods of Comparative Andragogy, Bamberg 1995 . 319 Participants of the Bamberg Conference . 333 Margaret Charters, USA: International Expert Seminar on Comparative Andragogy, Radovljica 1998 . 335 Participants of the Radovljica Conference . 347 ➏ Appendix . 349 UNESCO: The Hamburg Declaration on Adult Learning . 351 UNESCO: The Agenda for the Future . 361 List of Authors . 393 7 .......................................................................... I NTRODUCTION .......................................................................... .......................................................................... I NTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE ADULT EDUCATION .......................................................................... Jost Reischmann ■ President ISCAE In the emerging history of andragogy - the „Wissenschaft“ (science) of the education and learning of adults - we find a continuous interest in the adult education of other countries. In the century between Grundtvig (Denmark) and Freire (Brazil) a number of names and ideas became „owned“ internatio- nally. The (English) University Extension Movement, the (Danish) Folkehoj- skole, the (Swedish) Study Circle, the (American) Encountergroups became models for adult education in many other countries (and often in this „bor- rowing“ the differences to the original were not perceived). Research shows a lot of cross-cultural communication, so for example in the British-Dutch- German Relationship in Adult Education between 1880 and 1930 (see Frie- denthal-Haase/Hake/Marriott 1991). From the early years, for many national key persons in adult education, international traveling and exchanging was an important way to shape their understanding: Lindeman (USA) traveled to Germany, Mansbridge (Great Britain) to Australia and Canada, Borinski (Germany) to Scandinavia, and even today the „international guild of adult education“ can be found nearly completely face-to-face in Ibadan (Ghana 1991: International Conference on Comparative Adult Education), Prague (Czechoslovakia 1992: World Congress of Comparative Education), Ljubljana (Slovenia 1993: Conference „Rethinking Adult Education for Development“), or Hamburg (Germany 1997: UNESCO-Conference CONFINTEA V) - just to name some of the important meetings which will be described in more detail in various contributions in the following chapters. In 1919 the „World Associ- ation for Adult Education W. A. A. E.“ was founded with the mission, „to bring into co-operation and mutual relationship the adult education movements 11 and institutions of the world, in order that peoples may proceed in greater power through wisdom - the mother of all things - to knowledge ...“. These spotlights indicate that the international argument was and is used in the theory of adult education, as well as in the practical work in many coun- tries. Its effect sometimes is evident and lasting, sometimes remains rhetoric or marginal. Of course in all these activities practitioners and theorists compared the situation in their home country with the country visited or studied. Neverthe- less all this must be labeled more appropriately by „international“ than by „comparative“. In most cases it is only searched selectively for „usable“ parts or arguments and for common understanding, and no methodological rigor is applied to identify similarities and differences. While the international aspect in adult education and onto adult education has a long tradition, only a small and limited access to adult education is done comparatively. This book brings