Wairoa River Literature Review Te Kawa Waiora Working Paper 1 DATE 9 April 2021 BY Robyn Kāmira Paua Interface Ltd ON BEHALF OF Reconnecting Northland FOR Waimā, Waitai, Waiora Literature Review Te Kawa Waiora 9 April 2021 | Robyn Kāmira, Paua Interface Ltd ©Reconnecting Northland, 2021 Reconnecting Northland — Whenua ora, wai ora, tangata ora Literature Review Te Kawa Waiora 9 April 2021 | Robyn Kāmira, Paua Interface Ltd Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 This literature review . .6 1.2 Unique circumstances in 2020 . .7 1.3 Interesting examples . .8 1.4 The author. .8 2 Scope 9 2.1 Geographical scope . .9 2.2 Literature scope . 11 2.3 Key writers . 12 2.4 Māori writers and informants . 12 2.4.1 Hongi, Hāre aka Henry Matthew Stowell (1859-1944) . 12 2.4.2 Kāmira, Tākou (Himiona Tūpākihi) (~1876/7-1953) . .12 2.4.3 Kena, Paraone (Brown) (~1880?-1937) (informant) . 13 2.4.4 Marsden, Māori (1924-1993) . 13 2.4.5 Parore, Louis Wellington (1888-1953) (informant) . 13 2.4.6 Pene Hāre, Ngākuru (Te Wao) (1858-195?) . 14 2.4.7 Taonui, Aperahama aka Abraham Taonui (~1816-1882) . 14 2.5 European writers . 15 2.5.1 Buller, Rev. James (1812-1884) . .15 2.5.2 Cowan, James (1870-1943) . 15 2.5.3 Dieffenbach, Ernest (1811-1855) . .15 2.5.4 Graham, George Samuel (1874-1952) . 16 2.5.5 Halfpenny, Cyril James (1897-1927) . 16 2.5.6 Keene, Florence Myrtle QSM (1908-1988). .17 2.5.7 Polack, Joel Samuel (1807-1882) . 17 2.5.8 Smith, Stephenson Percy (1840-1922). .17 2.6 Value and reliability of the materials . 18 2.6.1 Māori writers and informants navigating their cultural boundaries . 19 2.6.2 Pākehā understanding the contributions of Māori informants. .20 2.6.3 Pākehā writers criticising their peers . 21 Reconnecting Northland — Whenua ora, wai ora, tangata ora 1 Literature Review Te Kawa Waiora 9 April 2021 | Robyn Kāmira, Paua Interface Ltd Contents (continued) 3 Question 1: Traditional tangata whenua view of the river 23 3.1 Summary . 23 3.2 Rangatiratanga . 24 3.3 Ngā whakataukī, proverbs and metaphors . 27 3.4 Visual landscape, flora and fauna . 28 3.5 Scarcity of population and abandoned villages. .31 3.6 Wairoa river mouth, Tāporapora & whare kura . 32 3.6.1 River mouth location. .32 3.6.2 Whare kura . .34 3.7 Non-physical characteristics . 34 3.7.1 Tapu . 35 3.7.2 Wāhi tapu. .37 3.7.3 Four taniwha (Wairoa River) . .40 3.8 Fun on the river (Wairoa, Mangakāhia) . 42 3.9 Waka, canoes, as basic transport . 44 3.10 Te Hana’s swim . 44 3.11 Creatures in and around the river . 47 3.11.1 Eels . 47 3.11.2 Sharks . 48 3.11.3 Kukupā . 48 3.12 Sound of the Wairoa River and its bore. .48 3.13 Tangi (waiata aroha), lament, ngeri, war chant . 49 3.13.1 He Tangi mō te matenga i te Ika-a-Ranganui (Kaiwaka River) . 49 3.13.2 Ko te Puru (Wairoa River) . 51 Reconnecting Northland — Whenua ora, wai ora, tangata ora 2 Literature Review Te Kawa Waiora 9 April 2021 | Robyn Kāmira, Paua Interface Ltd Contents (continued) 4 Question 2: Tangata whenua view of change in the river since the 19th century 54 4.1 Summary . 54 4.2 Changes in the river & use from settlement in the 1800s . 55 4.2.1 Settler view of its potential . 55 4.2.2 Introduction of European trade . 56 4.2.3 Acceptance of European authority . 56 4.2.4 Shipping . 56 4.2.5 Flora changes . 57 4.2.6 Economic opportunities . 57 4.2.7 Wairoa River changes . 58 5 Recommendations for further exploration 59 5.1 Layered geographic and other information. .59 5.2 Non-text materials . 59 5.3 Tāporapora . 59 6 Bibliography 60 6.1 Published Sources . 60 6.1.1 Books . 60 6.1.2 Journals & articles . 62 6.1.3 Waitangi tribunal reports . ..