Course Packet Stephen W. Ziser Pinnacle Campus BIOL 1409 General Biology: The Diversity of Life Course Notes & Lab Activities for Fall, 2005, PIN ISBN BIOL1409Z7 Biol 1409 Biology: The Diversity of Life – Course Packet, Ziser, 2005 (Atlas, 4th ed) [Atlas, 5th ed] 1 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life Ziser - Course Packet Table of Contents 1. List of Semester Activities Laboratory Activities . 3 Scavenger Hunt . 5 Extra Credit Activities . 9 2. Laboratory Safety Information . 11 3. Laboratory Exercises Making Observations . 13 Microscopy . 15 The Kingdoms of Life . 17 The Classification of Living Organisms . 19 Taxonomy and Classification . 23 Cells – The Basic Units of Life . 27 Reproduction, Development, & Life Cycles . 31 Ecosystems of Texas . 35 The Bacteria . 37 The Protists . 45 The Fungi . 50 The Plant Kingdom . 59 The Animal Kingdom . 81 Biol 1409 Biology: The Diversity of Life – Course Packet, Ziser, 2005 (Atlas, 4th ed) [Atlas, 5th ed] 2 Biol 1409: Diversity of Life Semester Activities Ziser, 2004 Lab Activities The schedule for the lab activities is posted in the Course Syllabus. Changes will be announced ahead of time Introduction & Use of Scopes be able to identify and use the various parts of a compound microscope be able to use a magnifying glass and dissecting scope understand the difference between each of the above, the advantages and disadvantages of each and when each should be used learn how to make a wet mount Kingdoms of Life look at a variety of water samples and learn how to visually distinguish between the major kingdoms of living organisms be able to describe the appearance of members of each kingdom and how to tell them apart from each other try to find and illustrate a couple of organisms from each kingdom Characteristics of Life select a specific living organism – your choice and then describe: 1. its environment 2. its unique characteristics 3. how that organism in particular illustrates each of the characteristics of life that we discussed in lecture; Ecosystems of Texas (See take home assignments) complete assignment on Texas ecosystems Cells: The Basic Units of Life observe and distinguish between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells learn to identify the various organelles and structures associated with each in models and slides learn the functions of some of these organelles and structures identify and distinguish between selected tissues Taxonomy and Classification Learn the process of naming and classifying living organisms Learn how to observe and describe sometimes minute details to be able to distinguish between different species Learn to judge whether particular traits are important or unimportant in distinguishing between species Construct a phylogenetic tree to show proposed evolutionary relationships The Bacteria learn how to collect, handle and grow bacteria learn the characteristics used to identify bacterial species learn to distinguish microscopic and colonial morphology distinguish the cyanobacteria from nonphotosynthetic bacteria The Protists (Algae, Protozoa, Slime Molds) Learn to recognize members of the kingdom and to distinguish them from the bacteria Identify and recognize selected organelles and structures Distinguish between the three major kinds of protists Biol 1409 Biology: The Diversity of Life – Course Packet, Ziser, 2005 (Atlas, 4th ed) [Atlas, 5th ed] 3 The Fungi (yeasts & molds) Learn how to collect and culture and preserve fungi Learn to distinguish between the various kinds fungal spores Distinguish between the common varieties of yeasts and fungi The Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers & flowering plants) Identify and recognize the variety of cells, tissues and organs in typical plants Survey the diversty of plants and the variety of form and function of the various organs Understand the variations in life cycles of the different major groups of plants The activities may also include some physiological experiments The Animals (sponges, jellyfish, worms, parasites, arthropods, vertebrates) Identify and recognize the variety of cells, tissues and organs found in the animal kingdom Investigate some of the typical animal life forms and adaptations to a variety of habitats Investigate some of the physiological processes common in most animals Appreciate the great diversity and economic importance of animals The activities may also include a few physiological experiments on animals Biol 1409 Biology: The Diversity of Life – Course Packet, Ziser, 2005 (Atlas, 4th ed) [Atlas, 5th ed] 4 Biol 1409 Scavenger Hunt Ziser 2004 You will be asked to find, collect, and identify some of a variety of organisms as we progress through our survey of the major kingdoms of life. There is a wide variety of items to choose from, you are not expected to bring in every item listed. You must select two items from each kingdom listed. The items you bring in are due during the lab periods devoted to that kingdom, see your syllabus for more specific due dates. You will need to bring in a total of 10 different items suggested below, for 5 points each; for a total of 50 points toward your semester grade. This Scavenger Hunt also offers several opportunities for extra credit; some are as noted for specific items, but you can also get 1 point extra credit for each additional item you bring in after you get your 50 points. These extra points will be counted toward the 25 additional extra credit points possible in the course. To get credit for the items you bring in, you must adhere to the following requirements: 1. you bring them in on the exact day indicated by the syllabus 2. you cannot purchase items unless it is specifically permitted in the list below 3. you will not get your credit unless you bring in exactly what is asked for; that means you need to make sure you know exactly what to collect - do some research, look it up, don’t just guess and bring in something remotely like what is asked for and expect to get credit for it 4. you need to bring in the specimen relatively undamaged; eg don’t take a mushroom or a bird’s nest and shove it in your textbook for safe keeping 5. use common sense when collecting; eg. don’t bring in anything that might endanger the class (eg live pathogens or parasites, venomous animals, poison ivy, etc), don’t kill vertebrates just to collect for this project, don’t steal nests that are “in use”, don’t violate laws and bans on hunting or collecting certain lifeforms, eg. we don’t want any endangered species, etc; more specific details below 6. you will not get these items back; so don’t bring in a family treasure – the idea is to make you actually get out into the real world (not the shell shop) and try to find this stuff yourself. Obvious “easy outs” will be penalized as cheating. Bacterial Kingdoms 1. bring in some bacteria any sample that you believe would have some natural, or symbiotic procaryotes, no pathogens make wet mounts, draw them; describe them 2. bring in a sample of commercially important bacteria you can purchase these; if you bring in a food product or drink it must actually have the bacteria in it, not just be manufactured using bacteria make wet mounts, draw them; describe them describe their role in making that product – be specific 3. bring in a sample of a plant with root nodules describe the symbiosis 4. bring in a sample of “green slime” from a pond, creek, stream, lake, etc make wet mounts and use keys to try to identify what specific kingdom they belong to determine whether the organism(s) you have collected are procaryotes or eucaryotes describe the process of photosynthesis Protist Kingdom Biol 1409 Biology: The Diversity of Life – Course Packet, Ziser, 2005 (Atlas, 4th ed) [Atlas, 5th ed] 5 1. bring in a natural or symbiotic algal specimen make wet mounts, sketch them and attempt to identify the algal group to which it belongs; eg diatoms, green, fire algae, etc 2. bring in a a commercially important alga (you can purchase this) describe how the alga is used to make the product 3. bring in a sample that contains some protozoan protists make wet mounts, sketch them and try to identify the protozoan group to which they belong 4. bring in a slime mold protist (EC) describe it and its life cycle Fungus Kingdom 1. bring in an example of a fungus or yeast used to make a food, drink, or a commercial product the product must actually contain the fungus make a wet mount and draw and describe the fungus that you find describe how it is used to make the product 2. bring in an example of a fruiting body of a fungus use the key provided in lab to try to identify the major group to which it belongs EC make a spore print (see instructions in lab) 3. bring in an example of a lichen identify the growth form of the lichen as described in course packet use websites listed to try to identify the lichen describe how this specific lichen is an example of symbiosis and the kind of symbiosis it is Plant Kingdom 1. bring in 2 plants, one that has a taproot and another that has a fibrous root EC press and properly dry and label the plant specimen as per information available in lab 2. bring in a moss gametophyte, and (EC) a moss sporophyte (look it up!) EC press and properly dry and label the plant specimen as per information available in lab 3. bring in a frond of a fern sporophyte with sori (look it up!) EC press and properly dry and label the plant specimen as per information available in lab 4. bring in some leaf trichomes (look it up!) be careful; none from poison ivy or bull nettle, etc look at them under the dissecting scope and draw them EC press and properly dry and label the plant specimen as per information available in lab 5.