University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Political Science Faculty Publications Political Science 2013 The Global Slavery Index Monti Narayan Datta University of Richmond, [email protected] Fiona David Kevin Bales Nick Grono Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/polisci-faculty-publications Part of the Politics and Social Change Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, and the Social Welfare Commons Recommended Citation Datta, Monti Narayan, Fiona David, Kevin Bales, and Nick Grono. The Global Slavery Index. Report. Walk Free Foundation, 2013. This Published Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Global Slavery Index 2013 The Global Slavery Index 2013 The Global Slavery Index report is published by the Walk Free Foundation (“Walk Free”). Walk Free is committed to ending all forms of modern slavery in this generation. Modern slavery includes slavery, slavery-like practices (such as debt bondage, forced marriage and sale or exploitation of children), human trafficking and forced labour, and other practices described in key international treaties, voluntarily ratified by nearly every country in the world.1 Walk Free’s strategy includes mobilising a global activist movement, generating the highest quality research, enlisting business, and raising unprecedented levels of capital to drive change in those countries and industries bearing the greatest responsibility for all forms of modern slavery today. Walk Free was founded by Andrew and Nicola Forrest, global philanthropists. More information on Walk Free can be found at www.walkfreefoundation.org. Information is a critical driver of change. Over time, the Global Slavery Index report will fill gaps in information about the size and nature of the problem, risk factors, and the effectiveness of responses. The intention is to inform and empower civil society groups working on this issue, and to assist governments to strengthen their efforts to eliminate all forms of modern slavery. 1 Key definitions are located in: 1926 Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery; the 1957 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery; the ILO Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour; and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. highlighTs of The global slavery index This is the first edition of the Global Slavery Index. It is the first Index of its kind – providing an estimate, country by country, of the number of people living in modern slavery today. A key finding from this Index is that there are an estimated… 29.8people In modern m SlaveryIll GIloballyon2 IndIa According to However, when Taken together, maurItanIa ChIna the Index, the haItI considered in these ten countries prevalence of absolute terms, pakIStan account for… pakIStan modern slavery is the countries nIGerIa highest in… IndIa with the highest ethIopIa nepal numbers of ruSSIa moldova enslaved thaIland benIn people are… 76% demoCratIC of the total estimate Cote d’IvoIre republIC of ConGo of 29.8 million the GambIa myanmar enslaved people. Gabon banGladeSh about the Global Slavery Index report This inaugural edition of the Global Slavery Index report: 1 Provides a ranking of 162 countries around the world, based on a combined measure of three factors: estimated prevalence of modern slavery by population, a measure of child marriage, and a measure of human trafficking in and out of a country. 2 Identifies factors relevant torisk of slavery and provides a standardised measure of these factors that allows comparison country by country. 3 Examines the strength of government responses to modern slavery for the 20 countries at the top and bottom of the Index ranking.3 These studies describe the problem, government responses, and action needed. 2 The Index provides an estimated range of the number of people in modern slavery, for each of the 162 countries covered by the Index. The lower range of the estimate is 28.3 million in modern slavery, and the upper range of the estimate is 31.3 million in modern slavery. The figure of 29.8 million is the mean of these estimates. 3 20 Country Studies, for the worst 10 and best 10 countries in the Index, are contained in this report. A supplementary set of further Country Studies can be found on the Index website www.globalslaveryindex.org 1. termInoloGy and abbrevIatIonS Modern slavery includes slavery, slavery-like practices (such as debt bondage, forced marriage, and sale or exploitation of children), human trafficking and forced labour. The Walk Free definition of modern slavery includes the definitions in the box below: MODERN SLAVERY Trafficking Slavery 1 Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or The status or condition of a person over whom any or all of receipt of persons. the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised. 2 By means of threat or use of force or other forms of Includes slavery-like practices: debt bondage, forced or servile coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the marriage, sale or exploitation of children (including in armed abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the conflict) and descent-based slavery. giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the (The Slavery Convention (1926) and Supplementary Slavery consent of a person having control over another person Convention (1956)) (these means are not required in the case of children). 3 With the intent of exploiting that person through: Prostitution of others; Forced Labour Sexual exploitation; All work or service which is exacted from any person under Forced labour; the menace of any penalty and for which the said person Slavery (or similar practices); has not offered himself voluntarily. Servitude; and Removal of organs. (ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)) (UN Trafficking Protocol, 2000) AbbreviAtiON FuLL titLE Abolition of Forced Labour Convention Convention Concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (ILO No. 105) CRC Optional Protocol on Children in Armed Conflict Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography European Trafficking Convention Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings Forced Labour Convention Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (ILO No. 29) Domestic Work Convention Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (ILO No. 189) Slavery Convention Slavery, Servitude, Forced Labour and Similar Institutions and Practices Convention of 1926 Supplementary Slavery Convention Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery of 1956 UN Trafficking Protocol Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (ILO No. 182) 2. tERMinologY AND AbbreviAtiONS 2 secTion 1: OVERViEw AND MEthODS 6 index – Ranking of Countries by Prevalence of Population 8 in Modern Slavery Constructing the global Slavery index 10 What is modern slavery? 10 Why a Global Slavery Index? 10 How is slavery defined in the Index? 11 How are the country rankings generated? 11 How is risk analysed? 12 What is in the country studies? 12 secTion 2: AnalysiS OF Prevalence, RiSk AND Responses 15 Regional Analysis of Prevalence and Risk 16 Europe 19 The Americas 21 Asia 23 Sub-Saharan Africa 25 Russia and Eurasia 27 The Middle East and North Africa 29 Responses 30 Responses – worst 10 on index Mauritania 32 Haiti 36 Pakistan 39 India 43 Nepal 50 Moldova 54 Benin 59 Cote d’Ivoire 62 The Gambia 65 Gabon 69 Responses – best 10 on index Denmark 72 Finland 75 Luxembourg 79 Norway 82 Sweden 85 Switzerland 88 New Zealand 91 United Kingdom 94 Ireland 98 Iceland 101 Correlation trends 10 4 Table of Modern slavery and corruption 10 4 Human development 10 5 GDP 106 conTenTs Access to financial services 107 secTion 3: APPENDices 109 Appendix 1: Methodology 110 how is the index Constructed? 110 a) Estimating the number of people in modern slavery 110 b) Data on level of human trafficking to and from a country 113 c) Data on child marriage in each country 113 weighting 114 Normalisation Process 114 how is the Ranking of Risk Constructed? 114 how were Country Responses Assessed? 115 Appendix 2: Data tables 118 3. 4. Section One overvieW and MeThods OVERVIeW and methodS This is the first year of the Global Slavery Index. A key finding from this inaugural Index is that there are an estimated 29.8 million people enslaved around the world.4 1. Country ranking by prevalence of population in modern slavery The Global Slavery Index provides a ranking of 162 countries, reflecting a combined measure of three factors: estimated prevalence of modern slavery by population, a measure of child marriage, and a measure of human trafficking in and out of a country. The measure is heavily weighted to reflect the first factor, prevalence. A number one ranking indicates a more severely concentrated modern slavery situation; 160 shows the least. Detailed methodology is provided in Appendix 1. Mauritania, a West African nation with deeply entrenched hereditary slavery, is ranked number 1 in the Index. This reflects the high prevalence of slavery in Mauritania – it is estimated that there are between 140,000 – 160,000 people enslaved in Mauritania, a country with a population of just 3.8 million.