Notes Introduction 1. For example, before Walker (2004a) the last book that was written on the UUP was by John Harbinson (1973). Hume (1996) also contains some inter­ esting data but is far from comprehensive. The DUP has had more recent analysis but Bruce (1989) and Smyth, C. (1987) are now over fifteen years old and the party has developed significantly since those books were written. Chapter 1 1. Alvin Jackson has encountered similar difficulties in analysing Unionist historiography. He made the distinction between 'Unionist historians' and 'Historians of Unionism'; one of the key distinctions was a declaration of interest Oackson, 1996, 121). 2. He cites Ronan Bennett and Robert Ballagh, although these are not the only examples that could be utilised, and Ruth Dudley Edwards quotes prominent journalist and writer Tim Pat Coogan as remarking at a conference that Unionists had no culture (Dudley Edwards, 2000, 351). 3. Advert in back of Hume (1996). 4. Ulster Review, Issue 18, Winter 1995/1996. 5. Although one Unionist called his book 'intellectual Lundyism', Alex Kane quoted in Jardin (1997). 6. The book won the prestigious Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize. 7. See http://www.sluggerotoole.com/archives/2005/05/david_trimbles.php and http://www.sluggerotoole.com/archives/2005/05/uup_insiders_pl.php accessed 13 May 2005. Chapter 2 1. This would appear to have been at the request of the British, and not Irish, government. See Cochrane (1997, 129-31) for a discussion on an offer made to Molyneaux on Privy Council terms to sign the Agreement in August 1985. 2. For the classic account of Unionist resistance to the third Home Rule bill, see Stewart (1967). 3. The Manifesto said: 'In the absence of devolved government, we will seek to establish one or more elected regional councils with a wide range of powers over local services.' http://www.psr.keele .ac.uk/area/uk/man/con79.htm#ni, accessed on 5 May 2005. 4. The UUUC was formed in January 1974 by the DUP, UUP and VUPP to oppose the Sunningdale Agreement and collapsed following the unsuccessful 1977 strike. 190 Notes 191 5. North Down Association selected him as a candidate in direct violation of Executive orders. 6. Allister is now a DUP MEP. 7. In January 1988, amid allegations of conspiracy and new scientific evidence, the Court of Appeal in London upheld the convictions of the Birmingham Six, who had been convicted of the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings. 8. In March three IRA members are shot dead by the SAS in Gibraltar. The British claim they were planting a bomb but they were unarmed and no explosives were found in the car, although there was other evidence of a plan. The issue is still clouded with controversy today. 9. In late February the Irish government launched an investigation into the killing of Aiden McAnespie who had been killed by the British army on the Northern Irish side of the border and this prompts controversy as the British claim they have sole rights over such an investigation, which concluded that he was killed by a ricochet. 10. In January the then Attorney General Patrick Mayhew announced there would be no prosecutions from the 'shoot to kill' inquiry headed by John Stalker and John Sampson. At the beginning of February there was more controversy as John Stalker alleged he was removed from the inquiry team because the report was about to cause controversy and lead to resignations of senior officials. 11. Further details can be found in Bew and Gillespie (1999, 212-4). Chapter 3 1. Information from www.nilga.org/con_map.php, accessed 20 April 2005. 2. Derived from results on http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/flgOl.htm, accessed on 5 May 2005. 3. For example, in 1985 Carson Tweedie (UUP) and Dan Murphy (SDLP) both did not stand on this basis (Lurgan and Porta down Examiner, 17 January 1985; Lurgan Mail, 28 March 1985). 4. The reference is to Conor Cruise O'Brien, Irish politician, diplomat and jour­ nalist, whose career has taken him to a position where he has publicly embraced Unionism in his journalism and, most obviously, by joining the UKUP as Chairman. 5. See Ballymena Borough Council, Minutes of the Monthly Meeting of the Council held on Monday 2 December 1996 at 7.30pm in the Council Chamber, Town Hall, Ballymena. Chapter4 1. For examination of the tactical nature of the divisions within Unionism over the Agreement, see Farrington (2001). Porter argues that pro-Agreement Unionists do not have an interpretative framework that differs markedly from anti-Agreement Unionists but I argue that they share an interpretative framework (Porter, 2003, 208). 2. For a general synopsis of Protestant unease with the direction of politics in Northern Ireland, see Dunn and Morgan (1994). 192 Notes 3. This is a slightly expanded taxonomy of my analysis in 2001. 4. Shipley-Dalton has frequently dissented from UUP policy and was the foremost Unionist advocate of the Agreement, (see 2002a, b). 5. However, Malachi O'Doherty argues that the coupling of a constitutional agreement and peace was part of Republican's political strategy and that should not necessarily be seen as one and the same (O'Doherty, 1998, 161-2). 6. For example, Jim Nicholson is typical of most Unionists involved in the talks: 'What actually jettisoned them in my opinion out of the water was when John Hume decided he didn't want an agreement between constitu­ tional nationalism and Unionism and went out and had his famous tete a tete with Gerry Adams and the agreement on an envelope.' Interview with Jim Nicholson, 4 October 2002. 7. Although see Moloney (2002) for what seems a tenuous account that Adams and Father Alex Reid were the initiators in these changes even before the AlA. 8. Unionists are not without reason for this interpretation; Brian Girvin has termed the DSD as 'passive rather than active support for the Union' (Girvin, 2000). 9. Patrick Roche describes 'an increasing exclusion of the pro-Union electorate of Northern Ireland from the bonds of national solidarity' (1998, 6). 10. Perhaps surprisingly, what sounds like a conspiracy theory actually has a large element of truth. The DSD was building on the Hume-Adams docu­ ment, although this was not evident at the time because, in the words of Sean Duignan, aide to Albert Reynolds, 'they were declaring Hume-Adams dead in order to keep it alive'. (Quoted in Mallie and McKittrick, 2001, 130). 11. Part 2 of the Declaration and Pledge of the United Unionists, 1998. 12. De Breadun also quotes a speech at the National Press Club in Washington where Trimble said that after 1921, when Unionists won all the elections, that was 'fine for us but not so fine for other people', (2001, 228). Chapter 5 1. Northern Ireland Assembly debates, 15 February 1999, accessed on 26 April 2005. http://www.niassembly .gov. uk/record/reports/99021 5 .htm. 2. See the TUAS document at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/organ/ira/ tuas94.htm, accessed on 21 April 2004. 3. See http:/ /www.sluggerotoole.com/archives/2005/03/post_l.php, accessed on 25 April 2005. 4. See the comments of Willie O'Dea on RTE 1, Questions and Answers, 7 February 2005, available at http://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0207 I qanda.html, accessed on 25 April 2005. 5. See, for example, the Irish Independent 4 February 2005, which ran the headline 'Now Provos put a gun to our heads.' 6. See poll 5 conducted in March 1998, available at www.peacepolls.org, accessed on 22 April 2005. 7. The question asked was: Looking back on the proposals contained in the Good Friday Agreement, could you tell me how you now feel about each of these? The creation of North-South bodies. Available at: http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/ 2000/Political_Attitudes/GFAPROP2.html, accessed on 22 April 2005. Notes 193 8. See Colin Irwin's poll 5, www.peacepolls.org, accessed on 22 April 2005. 9. The report can be found at: http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/patten/ patten99.htm, accessed on 22 April 2005. 10. NI Grand Committee debates, 8 February 2001, http:/ /www.publications. parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmstand/nilrelg/cmnirel.htm, accessed on 22 April2005. 11. See the arguments of Jeffrey Donaldson and Roy Beggs in Northern Ireland Grand Committee debates; Morgan, Austen, 'How to get down the Garvaghy Road' http://www.austenmorgan.com/journal.htm, accessed on 22 April2005. 12. See the arguments of Beggs in the Northern Ireland Grand Committee debates. 13. Northern Ireland Grand Committee Debates, 17 June 2004, Col 036, avail­ able at: http://www .parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200304/ cmstand/nilrelg/st040617 /40617s13.htm, accessed on 22 April 2005. 14. See poll six published in March 1999, available at www.peacepolls.org, accessed on 22 April 2005. 15. See poll 9, published in February 2003, www.peacepolls.org, accessed on 22 April2005. 16. Available at: http://cain. ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/election/manifestos.htm, accessed on 25 April 2005. 17. See also Iris Robinson's speech, News Letter, 22 May 2003. Conclusion 1. Report on meeting with SDLP on 28 and 29 July 1973, Department of Taoiseach 2004/21/624, National Archives, Ireland. Bibliography Allen,]., R. Beggs, W. Bleakes, ]. Burchill, D. Dunlop, R. McCartney, F. Millar and W.M. Smyth (1984) Devolution and the Northern Ireland Assembly: The Way Forward, a discussion paper presented by the Ulster Unionist Assembly Party's Report Committee (Belfast: Ulster Unionist Council). Alter, P. (1994) Nationalism, 2nd edition (London: Arnold). Anderson, B.