Table [1-3]: The Populations of British colonial America and the West Indies byRace1 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 White Black Totals White Black Totals White Black Totals White Black Totals White Black Totals White Black Totals New Hampshire 4828 130 4958 5531 150 5681 9205 170 9375 10555 200 10755 22756 500 23256 26955 550 27505 Massachusetts 55141 800 55941 61080 1310 62390 88858 2150 91008 111336 2780 114116 148578 3035 151613 183925 4075 188000 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 5594 300 5894 7198 375 7573 11137 543 11680 15302 1648 16950 22220 2408 25255 29879 3347 33226 Connecticut 25520 450 25970 38700 750 39450 57737 1093 58830 74040 1490 75530 86982 2598 89580 108270 3010 111280 New York 16811 2296 19107 18814 2811 21625 31179 5740 36919 41638 6956 48594 52669 8996 61665 65682 11014 76696 New Jersey 13170 840 14010 18540 1332 19872 27433 2385 29818 34502 3008 37510 47007 4366 51373 66039 5354 71393 Pennsylvania 17520 430 17950 22875 1575 24450 28962 2000 30962 50466 1241 51707 83582 2055 85637 116794 2872 119666 Delaware 2335 135 2470 3145 500 3645 4685 700 5385 8692 478 9170 18835 1035 19870 27208 1496 28704 Maryland 26377 3227 29604 34796 7945 42741 53634 12499 66133 73893 17220 91113 92062 24031 116093 97623 43450 141073 Virginia 42170 16390 58560 55163 23118 78281 61198 26559 87757 84000 40000 114000 120440 65000 180440 129581 105000 231033 North Carolina 10305 415 10720 14220 900 15120 18270 3000 21270 24000 6000 30000 40760 11000 51760 53184 19800 72984 South Carolina 3260 2444 5704 6783 5000 11783 5048 12000 17048 10000 22700 32700 15000 39000 54000 25000 40000 65000 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2021 0 2021 4200 1000 5200 Bermuda 3617 2245 5862 4300 2900 7200 4851 3513 8364 5089 3685 8774 5600 4200 9800 6100 4600 10700 Bahamas 1000 0 1000 900 0 900 756 275 1031 936 452 1388 1000 800 1800 1300 1200 2500 Jamaica 7365 42000 49365 7200 59200 66400 7100 79600 86700 7648 100900 108548 6700 117900 124600 8300 145100 153400 Antigua 2700 10100 12800 2900 13600 16970 3653 19500 23153 3600 23500 27100 3600 25300 28900 3469 30400 33869 St Christopher (St Kitts) 2100 3100 5200 3300 14600 17900 2740 7321 10061 3697 15400 19097 3100 18300 21400 2600 20400 23000 Montserrat 1800 3400 5200 1600 3700 5300 1688 3772 5460 1548 7100 8648 1200 6000 7200 1200 7300 8500 Nevis 1700 5600 7300 1200 4100 5300 1343 5689 7032 1279 6100 7379 900 6400 7300 900 7701 8601 Anguilla 548 879 1427 360 900 1260 Barbados 15400 50100 65500 13000 52300 65300 17700 58800 76500 18200 65300 83500 17800 72100 89900 17200 78800 96000 1 Sources: Population estimates for New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Georgia are based on the Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1790, Part II, (Washington, DC: 1976), Chapter Z. The population of New York has been adjusted to reflect the figures by Nash from New York County, New York, in 1737.1 The numbers for the black population of Virginia, 1730-1750, and for South Carolina 1710-1740, are based on Phillip Morgan’s estimates for the black population which were much greater than that of the census. Phillip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 61. Estimates for Bermuda in 1700 and 1720-1730, and for the Bahamas, 1720-1730, were based on census figures cited by Wells. Robert V. Wells, The Population of the British Colonies in America before 1776(Princeton University Press, 1975), 173, 183. All other estimates for Bermuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Montserrat, Nevis, St Kitts, Antigua, and Jamaica are taken from John J. McCusker, “The Rum Trade and the Balance of Payments of the Thirteen Continental Colonies, 1650-1775”( Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1970). See Appdendix I for details concerning the calculations of population. Table [1-5]: Populations in British Colonial Ports of Mainland America and the West Indies, 1700 to 17502 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total Boston3 6800 8050 400 8450 10252 748 11000 12462 1038 13500 15008 1374 16382 14259 1541 15800 Newport4 1988 220 2208 3000 535 3535 3843 797 4640 4672 1006 5678 5335 1173 6508 New York City5 3745 630 4375 4495 886 5381 5886 1362 7248 7045 1577 8622 5226 1719 6945 10926 2368 13294 Philadelphia6 2198 2352 4659 6751 9078 12723 Charles Town7 1415 1390 2895 1895 1550 3440 2500 2447 4947 Kingston8 1357 2714 4071 1681 3364 5045 2151 6037 8188 2754 8711 11465 Bridgetown9 2720 3408 6126 3160 5135 8296 3600 6865 10467 4040 8595 12640 4407 9970 14377 Totals 3745 630 13373 17253 4914 24517 25070 11884 41704 30526 15191 52465 33597 21178 63858 37681 23763 74167 2 The populations for cities are based on very rough estimates provided by a broad collection of studies. The most oft-cited source for the population of colonial port towns is “Economic Function and the Growth of American Port Towns in the Eighteenth Century,” by Jacob Price, who provided estimates based on Carl Bridenbaugh’s Cities in the Wilderness (1955). Many of the estimates from Bridenbaugh for Newport, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston do not match more recent micro-studies by authors. The estimates in italics represent my own calculations based on average annual population figures. Jacob Price, “Economic Function and the Growth of American Port Towns in the Eighteenth Century,” Perspective in American History, Vol. VIII, 1974, 176. 3 Estimates for the town of Boston were derived from the following: for 1700, 1720 -1730, and 1750, John B. Blake, Public Health in the Town of Boston, 1630-1822 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959), 247-248. For Boston’s population in 1710, I used Governor Dudley’s estimate for the population of Boston in 1708 in Donnan, Documents Relative to the History of the Slave Trade, Vol. 3 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1932), 23-25. For 1740, I relied on Lorenzo Johnston Greene, The Negro in Colonial New England (New York, NY: Atheneum, 1968), 338. 4 Charles Foy, “Ports of Slavery, Ports of Freedom:How Slaves Used Northern Seaports’ Maritime Industry to Escape and Create Trans-Atlantic Identities, 1713-1783” (PhD diss., Rutgers State University of New York, 2008), 353. Foy provided enumerations for 1708, 1730, and 1748. I estimated the population for 1740 by finding the average increase between 1730 and 1748, multiplying by 10, and adding that number to the total for 1730. The same method was used to determine the population of 1720 by finding the annual average between 1708 and 1730. 5 For New York City population estimates in 1700 and 1740-1750, I used Foy, “Ports of Slavery,” 353. Gary Nash provides estimates for 1723 and 1731, which I rounded to 1720 and 1730, respectively. Nash, “New York Census,” 430. 6 There are no known population censuses for Philadelphia before the Unites States Census of 1790, and the estimates of population remain controversial. I have accepted broadly the estimates made by Nash, Smith, Brouwer, and Price based on their estimation of average people per household. This does not provide estimates by race. Gary B. Nash, Billy G. Smith, Merle G. Brouwer and Norma Adams Price, “Notes and Documents: The Population of Eighteenth Century Philadelphia,” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 99, No. 3 (Jul., 1975), 362-375. To estimate the population of 1730, I found difference between 1720 and 1734, divided by 14 to get the average number of people per year, and then multiplied the average by 10 (b/c of 1720 to 1730) and added that to 1720 total of 4629 to arrive at 6751 in 1730. 7 Charles Town remains very difficult to estimate the population. For 1720, I relied on the estimates of Philip Morgan, "Black Life in Eighteenth Century Charleston," Perspective in American History, Vol. I, 1984, 188. For 1730, estimate is based on Peter A. Coclanis, “ Death in Early Charleston: An Estimate of the Crude Death Rate for the White Population of Charleston, 1722-1732,” The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 85, No. 4 (Oct., 1984), 282 n.4. Coclanis estimates a calculus of 350 for a transient white population and guesses at 1545 blacks because of general parity in city. For 1740, I relied on a committee report of 1742 that estimates 2447 town slaves. Though this disagrees sharply with Bridenbaugh’s 6800 total estimate for Charleston, I have accepted Converse Clowse’s rough estimate of 5000 people total for the city based on the fifty percent average slave population between 1720 and 1770 contemporary enumerations. Peter Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina From 1670 through the Stono Rebellion, (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 143n36; Converse D. Clowse, Measuring Charleston's Overseas Commerce, 1717-1767, Statistics from the Ports Naval Lists (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1981), 30. 8 For Kingston, white populations for 1720-1750 from Trevor Burnard, "’The Countrie Continues Sicklie:’ White Mortality in Jamaica, 1655-1780,” Social History of Medicine, Vol. 12, 1999, 49. For white population of 1730, estimate based on Burnard and Hart’s observation that one third of the population was white, Trevor Burnard and Emma Hart , "Kingston, Jamaica, and Charleston, South Carolina: A New Look at Comparative Urbanization in Plantation Colonial British America," Journal of Urban History, 39, 2013, published online 22 June, 2012, 219.