Community Development INVESTMENT REVIEW 23 Social Impact Bonds: Lessons Learned So Far Hanna Azemati, Michael Belinsky, Ryan Gillette, Jeffrey Liebman, Alina Sellman, and Angela Wyse John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University lthough Pay for Success (PFS) contracts have received widespread attention in the United States and abroad, there is nothing fundamentally new about govern- ments paying for outcomes. Performance clauses in construction contracts are common, and the Department of Defense has procured services using perfor- Amance-based contracting for years. Many state and local governments now use performance clauses in their procurement of human services, for example by providing bonuses to contrac- tors administering job training programs based upon the number of clients who obtain and/ or retain jobs. What makes recent PFS initiatives distinctive is that they are focused not simply on creating additional financial incentives for contractors to produce better outcomes, but more broadly on overcoming the wide set of barriers that are hindering the pace of social innovation. For sure, these barriers include a lack of performance focus and outcome measurement, but they also include political constraints that prevent government from investing in prevention, the inability of nonprofits to access the capital needed to expand operations, and insufficient capacity to develop rapid and rigorous evidence about what works. In some of these new models, the amount of performance risk shifted from taxpayers to those on the hook for producing the outcomes is much greater than under traditional performance contracts, requiring the participation of socially-minded investors to make the projects feasible. The social impact bond (SIB) is one of the new approaches to financing social innova- tion. Under the most common SIB model, the government contracts with a private-sector intermediary to obtain social services. The government pays the intermediary entirely or almost entirely based upon achievement of performance targets. Performance is rigorously measured by comparing the outcomes of individuals referred to the service provider rela- tive to the outcomes of a comparison or control group. If the intermediary fails to achieve the minimum performance target, the government does not pay. Payments typically rise for performance that exceeds the minimum target, up to an agreed-upon maximum payment level. Payments are funded at least partially by the cost savings to government achieved through the improvement in outcomes. The intermediary obtains operating funds by raising capital from independent commer- cial or philanthropic investors who provide up-front capital in exchange for a share of the government payments that become available if the performance targets are met. The inter- mediary uses these operating funds to contract with service providers to deliver the inter- ventions necessary to meet the performance targets. FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO 24 Community Development INVESTMENT REVIEW For the past two years, the Harvard Kennedy School’s Social Impact Bond Technical Assis- tance Lab (SIB Lab)1 has provided pro bono technical assistance to several state and local governments as they have developed SIB initiatives. This hands-on involvement informs our research on how governments can foster social innovation and improve the results they obtain with their social spending. This article describes some of the lessons we have learned about SIBs from our work, focusing in particular on topics where our thinking has changed since our initial analysis of the model.2 It also describes what we see as the key unanswered questions about the future of the SIB model. Social Impact Bonds Are Spreading Faster Than Expected, Both in the United States and Abroad Following the announcement of the world’s first SIB in the United Kingdom in 2010,3 countries as varied as Australia,4 Canada,5 Columbia,6 India,7 Ireland,8 and Israel9 have started exploring SIBs. Proposed projects target social problems ranging from recidivism to homelessness,10 unemployment,11 youth outcomes,12 and early childhood education.13 In the United States, interest in SIBs continues to spread rapidly. Funding for PFS contracts was proposed in President Obama’s February 201114 and 2012 budgets,15 and a 1 The authors are grateful to the Rockefeller Foundation for financial support. For more information about the Harvard Kennedy SIB Lab, see www.hks-siblab.org. 2 Liebman, Jeffrey B. “Social Impact Bonds: A Promising New Financing Model to Accelerate Social Innovation and Improve Government Performance.” Center for American Progress, February 2011. 3 Ministry of Justice/Social Finance, “Minister Launches Social Bond Pilot,” September 2010, available at www. socialfinance.org.uk/sites/default/files/SIB_Launch_PR.pdf. 4 Centre for Social Impact, Australian School of Business, “Report on the New South Wales Social Impact Bond Pilot,” February 2011, available at www.csi.edu.au/assets/assetdoc/0b6ef737d2bd75b9/Report_on_the_NSW_ Social_Impact_Bond_Pilot.pdf. 5 Human Resources and Skills Development Canada, “Government of Canada Involvement in Social Finance,” November 2012, available at www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/consultations/socialfinance/goc_involvement.shtml. 6 Instiglio, “Adolescent Pregnancy in Colombia,” available at www.instiglio.org/the-innovation/projects/. 7 Instiglio, “Gender Gap in Education in India,” available at www.instiglio.org/the-innovation/projects/. 8 Clann Credo—the Social Investment Fund, “Research to Identify High-Potential Social Impact Bond Areas in Ireland,” April 2011, available at www.clanncredo.ie/default.aspx?m=30&mi=217. 9 The Portland Trust, “Innovative Financing to Deliver Sustainable Funding for Israel’s Social Sector,” 2012, available at www.portlandtrust.org/projects/financial-infrastructure/social-investment-and-social-finance. 10 Commonwealth of Massachusetts, “Massachusetts First State in the Nation to Announce Initial Successful Bidders for ‘Pay for Success’ Contracts,” August 2012, available at www.mass.gov/anf/press-releases/fy2013/ massachusetts-first-state-in-the-nation-to-announce-ini.html. 11 San Diego Workforce Partnership, “Board of Directors Agenda Item 10: Pay for Success Grant Procurements,” October 2012, available at http://workforce.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/agendas/10-03-12_bod_agenda.pdf. 12 Ready by 21, “Using Social Impact Bonds to Support a Bundle of Youth Interventions,” May 2012, available at www.readyby21.org/resources/webinar/using-social-impact-bonds-support-bundle-youth-interventions. 13 David W. Chen, “Manhattan Borough President Seeks Bonds to Expand Early Education,” New York Times, October 15, 2012, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/16/nyregion/manhattan-borough-president- seeks-bonds-to-expand-head-start.html. 14 Office of Management and Budget, “Fiscal Year 2012 Budget of the US Government,” available at www. whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2012/assets/budget.pdf. 15 Office of Management and Budget, “Fiscal Year 2013 Budget of the US Government,” available at www. whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/budget.pdf. FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO Community Development INVESTMENT REVIEW 25 grant solicitation is currently in progress from the US Department of Labor that would fund up to $20 million of PFS contracts to improve employment and training outcomes.16 New York City established the first SIB in the United States.17 The initiative provides services to 16- to 18-year-olds who are jailed at Rikers Island and aims to reduce recidivism and its related budgetary and social costs. Services are being delivered to approximately 3,000 adolescent men per year from September 2012 to August 2015. MDRC, a prominent nonprofit research organization, serves as the intermediary, overseeing day-to-day implemen- tation of the project and managing the two nonprofit service providers who are delivering the intervention. Goldman Sachs is funding the project’s operations through a $9.6 million loan to MDRC. The city will make payments that range from $4.8 million if recidivism is reduced by 8.5 percent to $11.7 million if recidivism is reduced by 20 percent. Bloomberg Philanthropies is guaranteeing the first $7.2 million of loan repayment. Meanwhile, Massachusetts and New York State are working to become the first state governments to enter into PFS contracts using SIBs. In January 2012, Massachusetts launched procurement processes to obtain intermediaries and providers for two SIB proj- ects, and it announced the selection of those partners in August 2012. The first project will serve 900 youth over three years who are aging out of the juvenile justice system and expects to produce budget savings from reduced incarceration costs. The second project aims to house 400 chronically homeless individuals over a three-year period and expects to produce budget savings from reduced Medicaid spending. In July 2012, New York State began the procurement process to seek an intermediary to help set up a PFS project that would offer transitional employment services to adults released from state prisons. Recently, the Harvard Kennedy School SIB Lab requested applications for additional US jurisdictions to assist. Twenty-eight state and local governments applied. Why are so many governments interested in SIBs? SIBs offer an answer to a question all policy makers are facing in these difficult fiscal times: How do we keep innovating and investing in promising new solutions when