8 HISTORY FOCUS Connecting Art and History from 500 BCE-500- CE Major civilizations and empires developed an early but short-lived enjoying outdoor sports are common, flourishedaround the world at this formof democracy. In the fourth as in the Banqueters and Musicians time (see Map 4). The great wealth and century BCE, the Macedonians from the Tomb of the Leopards power of these empires produced elite conquered the Greeks and, under (Fig. 8.9). The Sarcophagus with classes who commissioned amazing Alexander the Great, invaded Persia Reclining Couple (Fig. 8.8) indicates works of art, among which were and defeated King Darius. Alexander's that Etruscan women enjoyed monumental tombs and funerary art empire, stretching as far as India and considerable independence. They that preserved their fame. the Middle East, further spread Greek attended symposia and sporting In Greece, which consisted of influence. events, were equals at banquets with independent city-states, 500-338 BCE The Etruscan civilization, their husbands, owned property is considered the Classical period. consisting of city-states, occupied independently, and likely had a In Athens, artworks reflectedGreek much of central Italy. What we know high rate of literacy. Beginning in humanism with their idealized yet about the Etruscans comes largely 509 BCE, the Romans began naturalistic representations of the from excavations of their tombs chipping away at Etruria, and human figure,as seen in the Grave and funerary art. Tomb paintings of they completely overwhelmed the Stele ofHegeso (Fig. 8.15). Athens also lively people feasting, dancing, or Etruscans by 273 BCE. Map 4 The Assyrian and Persian Empires. Courtesy of Replogle Globes, Inc., Broadview, IL. 300 600 ,\ ,. Pcrscpolis Snhnra l>ERSIS ,I, . : : : A!syrian Empire, c. 700 ecE I 214 CH APTER EIGHT Mortalityand Immortality Rome was founded as a city in 753 BCE, but by 100 CE its influencehad spread into Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa. At firsta republic, Rome became an empire in 27 BCE when Caesar Augustus came to power. His reign was the beginning of the Pax Romana (Roman Peace), which lasted for two hundred years and saw the construction of many amazing Roman monuments, including the Pantheon (Fig. 7.27), the Colosseum (Fig. 14.11), and the Ara Pacis Augustae (Fig. 9.33). In Rome, an individual's or a family's pedigree was important, evidenced by the many busts of ancestors or funerary monuments, as in the Statue of Togato Barberini (Fig. 12.13) and 8.2 the Funera,y Relief of a Circus Official Chandragupta I. During this time, Colossal Statue of Constantine, (Fig. 8.16). India prospered, and the arts were fragments,c. 330 CE. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Early Christian art developed highly developed (see the Lion Capital, within the influenceof Roman art, Fig. 2.15). Constantine was the first Roman emperor although Christians were subject to In China during the Zhou Dynasty, to legalize Christianity in the empire. periodic persecutions. In 312, Emperor which ended in 256 BCE, Confucianism Constantine made Christianity legal, and Daoism were practiced, and the During this period, Egypt was and, eventually, it became the religion art of lacquering was developed. dominated by foreign powers, but of the empire. The fragments of the From 221 to 206 BCE, Shi Huangdi Egyptians' funerary art practices ColossalStatue of Constantine (Fig. 8.2) destroyed rival states and unified continued. Farther south in Africa, the clearly indicate that he was a powerful China, establishing the Qin Dynasty. Great Empire of Ghana was established ruler, but others found it difficultto To consolidate his power, he had all in 300 CE. The Ghanaians set up trade hold the huge expanse of the empire historical books burned and scholars routes and controlled trade in gold and together, and it was subdivided burned or buried alive to eradicate salt. South of Egypt, the independent periodically. The Mausoleum of Galla old traditions. He established a civil state of Kush thrived as a result of Placidia (Fig. 8.17) is an excellent service and bureaucratic government vigorous trade. In 400, the Bantu example of late Roman and early that continued for centuries in China. people settled in South Africa. Christian art. Nomadic tribes from He built The Great Wall (see Fig. 9.22), In Mesoamerica, the Maya northern Europe overran the western highways, and canals and standardized developed writing, a calendar, part of the Roman Empire by 4 76 CE. weights, measurements, axle widths, sophisticated architecture, painting, The eastern portion survived for currency, and script styles for trade. and sculpture between 250 and 900. another thousand years as the The life-size ceramic army, the Soldiers In Peru, the Chavin culture flourished Byzantine Empire. from Pit 1 (Fig. 8.10), that guarded his between 1000 BCE and 200 CE and In India, the Mauryan Empire extravagant tomb is an eloquent visual developed agriculture and art. Later, united most of the country with a monument to a ruthlessly ambitious the Moche, whose culture dates from central government between 321 ruler. 200 to 800, built pyramids, buried their and 185 BCE. The major rulers Shi Huangdi's dynasty ended dead in elaborate tombs, and made fine were Chandragupta and Asoka. The quickly after his death and was pottery (see Figs. 6.16 and 6.30). Their empire included northern and central succeeded by the Han Dynasty leaders were warrior-priests whose India (modern Pakistan and part of (202 BCE to 222 CE). Arts included regalia likely inspired awe and fear (see Afghanistan). The Golden Age of India wall painting and sculpture. There was the artifacts in Fig. 8.12 and the Peanut occurred between 330 and 500 CE a major expansion of both domestic Necklace in Fig. 8.13 from the Royal during the Gupta Empire, begun by and foreigntrade. Tombs ofSipan). History Focus 215 ■ s EXPANDING THE VIEW 0 World Art Map <t90� 0 fQr ..c;ISarcophagus with Reclining Couple. Pere Lach se Ce , metery ) {;71i) � John B�:avo Bonevard1, Julian Laverdiere, Paul Myoda, () � Richard Nash Gould, Paul Marantz Tr,bute ,n Light EUROPE • Ytudio Daniel Libeskind. New World Trade Center, I I 0, NORTH Mausoleum of Galla Plac1d1a 0 9)/ during construction. 0 � r AMERICA Banqueters and Musicians. Colossal Statue of Constantine.i Funerary Reliefof a Circus Official. AIDS Memorial Quilt. Washington, D.C., USA. Diego Rivera. Dia de Muertos.• "' Mannequin dressed In repl/cas of some of the objects found In Tomb 1. Moche, Peru, South America. Kane Kwei. Coca � SOUTH AMERICA 0 1.000 2.000 Km. 0 1.000 2.000 M, 216 CHAPTER EIGHT Mortalityandlmmortality ASIA ]) Reliquary Arm. Mosan, Belgium. Glanlorenzo Bernini. Mausoleum of Mao Zedong.• Baldacchino. Rome, Italy. C,\ � �tele of Hegeso. Soldiers from Pit I.-------.,..... 0 � tPyram,ds .J Innermost Coffin of Tutankhamen. Thebes, Egypt. • �:\Fowl Mort of Ha �� . �'f; I � Helmet Mask (Tatanua). , l;lj New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, Oceania. 0 C:>P Qf. Q 0� � OO C)� � 0 0 ••, AUSTRALIA Expanding the View 217 8 TIMELINE FOR MORTALITY AND IMMORTALITY 500 BCE-500 CE PERICLES' GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE HISTORY FOCUS ROMAN REPUBLIC Parthenon Restored ESTABLISHED MIDDLE KINGDOM­ QIN DYNASTY- EGYPT CHAVIN CULTURE-PERU CHINA UNIFICATION OLD KINGDOM- NEW KINGDOM- ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION OF EGYPT EGYPT EGYPT NEO·ASSYRIAN EMPIRE Peloponnesian War Alexander Invaded Persia • • • • • • • • • • • ... 7 burials Gizeh Newgrange Great Pyramids, Mortuary Temple Sarcophagus with Reclining Soldiers from Pit of Hatshepsut Couple l Warrior Innermost Coffin Banqueters and Musicians Egypt of Tutankhamen Grave Stele of Hegeso Fowling Scene, Abu Simbel (12.22) A Temple of Ramses II, (3.3) (13.9) Royal> A Ashurbanipal II Killing Profile Lions AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT Colonization of the Americas and Africa Industrial Revolution American Revolution ROMANTICISM French Revolution Mexican Independence from South American Revolutions Spain 1700 1750 1800 M1LLA1s. Papua New Guinea Pere Lachaise Cemetery Ophelia Helmet Mask (Tatanuc1),�� �1!.::%'... -��-..,;,;;-� ('�. '!'�;·i:�:./ t• , ?:--... ' .;?,:�-- .,.:;,; �-;'r· (10.3) A GOYA. The Executions of May 3. 1808 or A RED HORSE. A BRADY STAFF. Dead (9.25) (9.26) Confederate Battle of Little Big Horn Soldier with Gun 218 CHAPTER EIGHT Mortalitya11dlmmortality ZHOU DYNASTY­ CHINA Daoism and Confucianism Birth of Jesus Christ Constantine Legalized Christianity ROMAN EMPIRE RENAISSANCE GOLDEN AGE OF MOCHE GOTH/C ERA BEGINS IN EUROPE CIVILIZATION-PERU INDIA-GUPTA EMPIRE BYZANTINE EMPIRE BAROQUE ERA FIRST EMPEROR, QIN GREAT AFRICAN MALI EMPIRE I Islam Religion Founded BEGINS IN EUROPE DYNASTY-CHINA EMPIRE OF GHANA AT HEIGHT CE100 200 300 425 1000 1500 1600 Funerary Relief of Colossal Statue of I Viking Ship Reliquary Arm Chapel of Henry VII a Circus Official Constantine, Rome BERNINI. Baldacchino Royal Tombs of Sipan Mausoleum of Galla Taj Mahal Placidia, Ravenna, Italy GHIBERTI, > > Sacrifice of Isaac (7 .17) World War II Vietnam War PEOPLE'S Russian Revolution Death of Mao Zedong September 11 Terrorist REPUBLIC Desert Storm Attacks World War I OF CHINA 1940 1970 R1vERA. Dia de Muertos Mbulu Ngulu (Reliquary Guardian Figure) Mausoleum of Mao Zedong A SMITH. Born (3.17) Tribute in Light A HoCKNEY, A Bigger Splash New World Trade Center (3.29) A Ceremonial Mask, Kwe1. Coca Pod Coffin Zaire (1.6) AIDS Memorial Quilt Timeline 219 EARLY TOMBS: MOUNDS stones, some decorated with spirals and geometric pat­ AND MOUNTAINS terns, perhaps indicating stars and planets. It is sealed to prevent water seepage. Newgrange is oriented so that for The very earliest tombs in many cultures are shaped like about two weeks around the winter solstice, a burst of bril­ hills or mountains. The Egyptians built pyramids, which liant morning sunlight radiates down through the entire were geometric mountains. Others built funeral mounds passage, illuminating one patterned stone in the burial that look like naturally occurring grass-covered hills, chamber.