NEWCASTLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PLAN REVIEW NEWCASTLE, NSW. Volume 3. Historical Overview. Newcastle, Illustrated Sydney News, 27 June 1889. Source. Newcastle Cultural Collections. EDWARD HIGGINBOTHAM & ASSOCIATES PTY LTD. Archaeology • History • & Heritage A.B.N. 79 072 316 968 Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. ________________________________________________________________________ ii NEWCASTLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PLAN REVIEW NEWCASTLE, NSW. Volume 3. Historical Overview. Edward Higginbotham MA (Cambridge), PhD (Sydney), MAACAI. EDWARD HIGGINBOTHAM & ASSOCIATES PTY LTD 13 O’Connor Street HABERFIELD, NSW 2045. PO Box 97 HABERFIELD, NSW 2045. Phone. (02) 9716-5154 [email protected] www.higginbotham.com.au With Dr. Terry Kass, B. A. (Hons), M. A. (Hons), Dip. Ed. Ms. Catherine Colville. For Newcastle City Council. First Draft April 2012 Second Draft July 2012 Final April 2013 Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. ii Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. CONTENTS. 1 REPORT LAYOUT..............................................................................................7 2 INTRODUCTION. ...............................................................................................9 2.1 Background................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Brief........................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Location of site........................................................................................... 9 2.4 Heritage Listings. ..................................................................................... 10 2.5 Study methodology and limitations. .......................................................... 10 2.6 Author identification.................................................................................. 11 3 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW - SUMMARY............................................................13 4 PENAL SETTLEMENT, 1801-1821. ..................................................................15 4.1 The impact of historical settlement on the Aboriginal occupants of the land. .............................................................................................................. 15 4.2 Initial Settlement, 1801 - 1803 .................................................................. 16 4.3 Penal Settlement and Buildings, 1804-1821.............................................. 16 4.3.1 Convict Population of Newcastle 1804-1821. .................................... 18 4.4 Buildings in the town in 1820. ................................................................... 25 4.5 Return of public buildings erected, completed and repaired 1 January 1820 to 1 January 1821. ...................................................................................... 26 4.6 Buildings erected in Newcastle 1811-1821................................................ 27 4.7 The Layout of the Penal Settlement.......................................................... 29 4.8 Figures..................................................................................................... 31 5 THE TOWN PLAN, 1822-1826..........................................................................45 5.1 Figures..................................................................................................... 48 6 TOWN DEVELOPMENT 1823-1853..................................................................53 6.1 Private development, 1820s. .................................................................... 53 6.1.1 Holders of Orders for Town Allotments.............................................. 54 6.2 Newcastle Town Population, 1833 - 1861. ................................................ 57 6.3 Private Development, 1830s - 1853.......................................................... 58 6.4 Public Buildings 1822-1853 ...................................................................... 62 6.5 Expansion of Newcastle, 1826-1853......................................................... 64 6.6 Figures..................................................................................................... 67 7 THE AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL COMPANY, 1830 TO 1853. ....................87 7.1 The Australian Agricultural Company, 1853 onwards. ............................... 89 7.2 Figures..................................................................................................... 90 8 RAILWAY AND PORT INFRASTRUCTURE....................................................101 8.1 Figures................................................................................................... 103 9 URBAN DEVELOPMENT 1853 ONWARDS....................................................121 9.1 Urban Development 1853 to 1895. ......................................................... 121 9.2 Urban Development after 1895............................................................... 125 9.3 Newcastle Fortifications.......................................................................... 125 9.4 Newcastle Tramways. ............................................................................ 125 9.5 Public Utilities in Newcastle. ................................................................... 125 9.5.1 Gas. ............................................................................................... 125 iii Edward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd. (02) 9716-5154. 9.5.2 Electricity........................................................................................ 126 9.5.3 Water Supply and Sewerage. ......................................................... 126 9.6 Figures. Urban Development, 1853 onwards. ......................................... 127 9.7 Figures. Trams in Newcastle. ................................................................. 144 9.8 Figures. Public Utilities. .......................................................................... 146 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTORICAL SOURCES. ......................................................149 Maps – State Records of NSW........................................................................... 149 Plans – State Records of NSW. ......................................................................... 149 Plans – Parish Map preservation Project. ........................................................... 150 Crown Plans – Land and Property Information. .................................................. 150 Maps – City of Newcastle................................................................................... 151 Maps – Mitchell Library. ..................................................................................... 151 Maps – Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of NZ. ................................ 152 Maps – National Library of Australia................................................................... 152 Pictorial – State Library of NSW, Mitchell Library................................................ 152 Pictorial – State Library of Victoria...................................................................... 152 Pictorial – State Records NSW........................................................................... 152 Pictorial – Hunter Photo Bank. ........................................................................... 152 Pictorial – National Library of Australia. .............................................................. 152 Primary Sources – State Records of NSW. ........................................................ 152 Newspapers. ..................................................................................................... 153 Votes & Proceedings, Legislative Assembly of NSW .......................................... 153 Primary Sources – Books and Articles................................................................ 153 Secondary Sources – Books and Articles. .......................................................... 153 Secondary Sources – Websites. ........................................................................ 154 APPENDIX 1. PUBLIC WORKS IN THE TOWN OF NEWCASTLE FROM 1828 TO 1857. .......................................................................................................155 APPENDIX 2. MINES MILLS & MANUFACTORIES NEWCASTLE 1831-1841 ........160 APPENDIX 3. NEWCASTLE CBD. ROAD AND STREET ALIGNMENTS. PARKS AND RESERVES.......................................................................................162 Road and Street Alignments in Newcastle CBD.................................................. 162 History of Parks and Reserves in Central Newcastle .......................................... 163 Parks - Initial Analysis........................................................................................ 163 Park at Parnell Place...................................................................................... 163 Small Park in Zaara Street ............................................................................. 163 Enterprise Park .............................................................................................. 164 Tramway Reserve.......................................................................................... 164 Pacific Park.................................................................................................... 164 Cathedral Park............................................................................................... 164 Foreshore Park .............................................................................................