THE INTERNATIONAL PHONET IC ALPHABET (revised to 2018) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveola r Postalveola r Retrofle x Palatal Vela r Uvula r Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d ≥ …cïk gq G / Nasal m İ n = Ò N Î Tri ll õ r R T ap or Flap ⱱ |Ç Fricative F B f v T D sz S Z§ˆć JxVX å © ?hH L ateral fricative ñL Approximant æ ¨ ø j» Lat eral approximant l Ï ´ K Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Close i y é è ∑ u > Bilabial ≤ Bilabial ' Examples: I Y U ù Dental ë Dental/alveolar p' Bilabial Close-mid e P ɘ  ‰ o < (Post)alveolar ú Palatal t' Dental/alveolar π ¥ Palatoalveolar Ä Velar k' Velar Open-mid E{ ä ɞ μ O Ù Alveolar la teral ì Uvular s' Alveolar fricative ¿ ⁄ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ‹ A ş Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives ª – ó Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap ◊ Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and SUPRASEGMENTALS ç ê S x í Vo iceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress Affricates and double articulations " ®foUnπ"tISπn Ω V oiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ® Secondary stress ts∞ kp∂ joined by a tie bar if necessary. Ö E piglottal plosive É Long eÉ ò Half-long eò DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N( * Extra-short e* 9 Voiceless n9 d9 ∫ Breathy voiced b∫ a∫ 1 Dental t1 d 1 ù Minor (foot) group 3 Voiced s3 t3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 ’ A pical t’ d ’ Ù Major (intonation) group Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal î tî dî £ t £ d£ 4 t4 d4 . Syllable break ¨i.⁄kt More rounded Labialized Nasalized 7 O7 W tW dW ) e) Å Linking (absence of a break) Í Less rounded OÍ ≠ Palatalized t≠ d≠ ö Nasal release dö TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR ± Advanced u± Ú Velarized tÚ dÚ ” Lateral release d” or Extra or Rising 2 Retracted e2 ı Pharyngealized tı dı } No audible release d} e_ “ high e# Ê e! č High e$ ∆ Falling á Ce ntralized eá â Ve larized or pharyngealized : High Mid e@ ≈ e% rising + Mid-centralized e + 6 Raised e6 ( ¨6 = voiced alveolar fricative) Low Low e~ ™ eÔ rising ` Syllabic n` À Lowered eÀ ( BÀ = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- eÑ È low e& falling Non-syllabic 5 Advanced Tongue Root 8 e8 e5 ÿ Downstep à Global rise Ø Rhoticity ã aØ ° Retracted Tongue Root e ° Õ Upstep ¤ Global fall .