FACULTY OF LAW AND ADMINISTRATION UNIWERSITY OF WARMIA AND MAZURY IN OLSZTYN FACULTY OF LAW IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY POLISH – GEORGIAN Law Review No. 1/2015 2 Andrzej Sylwestrzak EDITORIAL STAFF KOMITET REDAKCYJNY Przemys³aw D¹browski (przewodnicz¹cy editor-in-chief), Robert Dziembowski (z-ca przewodnicz¹cego vice-editor-in-chief), Anna Korzeniewska-Lasota (sekretarz executive secretary) SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL RADA NAUKOWA Levan Alexidze (Tbilisi), Irakli Burduli (Tbilisi), Jerzy Kasprzak (Olsztyn), Stanis³aw Pikulski (Olsztyn), Moris Shalikashvili (Tbilisi), Nugzar Surguladze (Tbilisi), Dariusz Szpoper (Olsztyn), Miko³aj Tarkowski (Olsztyn) RECENZENCI REVIEWERS Marek Bia³okur (Opole), Anna Falkowska (Toruñ), Piotr Fiedorczyk (Bia³ystok), Ryszard Gaidis (Vilnius), Marcin Glicz (Gdañsk), Rustis Kamunatavièius (Kaunas), Jaros³aw Kostrubiec (Lublin), Aleksander Salenko (Kaliningrad), Krystyna Szczechowicz (Olsztyn), Micha³ Urbañczyk (Poznañ), Sergiusz Wasiuta (Kraków) REDAKCJA WYDAWNICZA El¿bieta Pietraszkiewicz PROJEKT OK£ADKI Adam G³owacki SK£AD I £AMANIE Marian Rutkiewicz Czasopismo Polish-Georgian Law Review ukazuje siê w wersji papierowej i elektronicznej. Wersja papierowa jest pierwotna ADRES REDAKCJI Adres Redakcji Address Al. Warszawska 98, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland e-mail: [email protected] PL ISSN 2451-0211 © Copyright by Wydawnictwo UWM Olsztyn 2015 Wydawnictwo UWM ul. Jana Heweliusza 14, 10-718 Olsztyn tel. 89 523 36 61, fax 89 523 34 38 www.uwm.edu.pl/wydawnictwo/ e-mail: [email protected] Nak³ad: 100 egz.; ark. wyd. 14; ark. druk. 12 Druk: Zak³ad Poligraficzny UWM w Olsztynie, zam. nr 173 Filozofia suwerennoci i sprawiedliwoci Bodinusa 3 Table of contents History of State and Law and Political-Legal Thought Igor Isaiev Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ òðàäèöèÿ ïðàâîòîëêîâàíèÿ (ðîññèéñêèé îïûò 20-õ ãîäîâ) ......................................................................................................... 7 Nikolai Javakhishvili Ó èñòîêîâ ãðóçèíî-ïîëüñêèõ âçàèìîîòíîøåíèé (XVXVII ââ.) ........................................................................................................... 13 Marina Garishvili Îáîçðåíèå Ãðóçèè ïî ÷àñòè ïðàâ è çàêîíîâåäåíèÿ åùå îäèí ïàìÿòíèê äðåâíåãðóçèíñêîãî ïðàâà .......................................................................... 29 Przemys³aw D¹browski The sources of national law in the Republic of Poland (19181939)................................................................................................................. 57 Anna Korzeniewska-Lasota The legal status of the Poles in the Kingdom of Poland (18151914)................................................................................................................. 65 Rafa³ Kania The Criminal Code in the Kingdom of Poland of 1818. The circumstances of implementation and fundamental assumptions of the first Polish criminal codification .................................................................................................................. 73 Mariam Khoperia The political situation in Georgia in the first half of XIV century and Royal Charter, created at the initiative of George V ............................................. 83 Miko³aj Tarkowski Statutes of Casimir the Great the monument of medieval law culture in Poland .......................................................................................................... 91 Olga Filaszkiewicz Polish academic corporations at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius the origin, character and structure ............................................................................. 99 Oskar Kanecki The deeds of the regional councils of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ....... 113 Adam Æwik³a Status of peasants in Poland of 19th century ............................................. 123 Public Law Andrzej Sylwestrzak Ðàçäåëåíèå âëàñòåé â Êîíñòèòóöèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ïîëüøè îò 1997 ã. ..................................................................................................................... 137 Denis Solodov, Ilia Solodov Ðàññëåäîâàíèå ñåðèéíûõ óáèéñòâ: ïðîáëåìû ïðàêòèêè (íà ïðèìåðå Àíäðåÿ ×èêàòèëî) ................................................................................. 155 Marcin Kazimierczuk Restrictions on freedom of association on the example of trade unions in Poland .......................................................................................................... 169 Reports Przemys³aw D¹browski Doctor honoris causa for Professor Dariusz Szpoper .............. 189 Oskar Kanecki The 6th Polish-Georgian Colloquium: History of the sources of law in Poland and Georgia, Olsztyn, 30th September 2015 ................................................ 191 History of State and Law and Political-Legal Thought 6 POLISH-GEORGIAN LAW REVIEW 6 UWM 1/2015 Igor Isaiev Mocêoâcêèé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé Þðèäè÷ecêèé Óíèâåðñèòåò Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ òðàäèöèÿ ïðàâîòîëêîâàíèÿ (ðîññèéñêèé îïûò 20-õ ãîäîâ) Ïðàâîïðèìåíåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàâåðøàþùåé ñòàäèåé ñëîæíîãî ïðîöåññà ïðàâîòâîð÷åñòâà, åãî èòîãîì è, â èçâåñòíîé ìåðå, öåëüþ. Çàêîí÷åííàÿ íîðìà ïðèîáðåòàåò íà ýòîé ñòàäèè ñâîåãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ñîáñòâåííóþ ñðåäó îáèòàíèÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâå è âðåìåíè. Çäåñü îíà ñòàëêèâàåòñÿ ñ îáúåêòîì ñâîåãî ðåãóëèðî- âàíèÿ è îäíîâðåìåííî âûõîäèò èç ðàöèîíàëüíîé ñôåðû ïðàâîòâîð÷åñòâà, ÷òîáû âîéòè â èððàöèîíàëüíóþ ñðåäó ðåàëüíîé æèçíè. Ïðàâîïðèìåíåíèå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ öåëîé ñèñòåìîé ñïåöèàëüíî îðãàíèçî- âàííûõ ôîðìàëüíûõ ñòðóêòóð è èíñòèòóòîâ. Ýòà ñòàäèÿ ïðàâîòâîð÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà ìîæåò áûòü îïðåäåëåíà êàê ýòàï ðåàëèçàöèè ïðàâà. Ñ ýòîé ïðîáëåìîé åñòåñòâåííî ñâÿçàí âîïðîñ î ðåàëüíîñòè ïðàâà âîîáùå è êîíêðåòíîé íîðìû â ÷àñòíîñòè. Èìåþùèéñÿ ó íàñ îïûò îòå÷åñòâåííîé þðèñïðóäåíöèè ïîçâîëÿåò âûäåëèòü â ïðîáëåìå íåêîòîðûå íàèáîëåå àêòóàëüíûå åå àñïåêòû. Ñàìà ïðàâîâàÿ ðåàëüíîñòü ñîñòîèò èç òðåõ îñíîâíûõ óðîâíåé, îïðåäåëÿåìûõ êàê: à) ïðàâîñîçíàíèå, á) íîðìà, â) ïðàâîîòíîøåíèå. Ñ îïðåäåëåííîé äîëåé óñëîâíîñòè òðåòèé óðîâåíü ìîæåò áûòü àññîöèèðîâàí ñ îáëàñòüþ ïðîÿâëåíèÿ èìåííî ïðàâîïðèìåíåíèÿ. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ äåéñòâèé ïî ïðàâîòîëêîâàíèþ, îíè ìîãóò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ íà âñåõ òðåõ ýòàïàõ æèçíè ïðàâà.  îòå÷åñòâåííîé þðèñïðóäåíöèè, êàê òåîðåòè÷åñêîé, òàê è ïðàêòè÷åñêîé, â ñàìîì íà÷àëå 20-õ ãîäîâ èìåëè ìåñòî òðè ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷íûõ äðóã îò äðóãà ïîäõîäà ê îöåíêå ïðîáëåìû ïðàâîòîëêîâàíèÿ (è ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïðàâî- ïðèìåíåíèÿ). Òàê íàçûâàåìàÿ ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ øêîëà ïðàâà (ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ èìåíàìè Ì. Ðåéñíåðà è È. Èëüèíñêîãî) ñóùíîñòü ïðàâà óñìàòðèâàëà â ïðàâîâîé èäåå, òî åñòü ïðàâîñîçíàíèè. Èäåþ ôîðìèðîâàëè ðàçíîãî ðîäà ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå è ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå ôàêòîðû. Ñàìà èäåÿ ôîðìóëèðîâàëàñü îñîáûìè ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè êëàññà, ñîöèàëüíîé ãðóïïû èëè êîëëåêòèâà, òî åñòü èõ èäåîëîãàìè. Ñèìâîëè÷åñêàÿ ôîðìà èäåé, åå çàâåäîìî ðàñøèðèòåëüíîå ïîíèìàíèå äåëàëè åå ïîõîæåé ñêîðåå íà ýìîöèþ, ÷óâñòâî, ÷åì ÷åòêóþ 8 Igor Isaiev ôîðìóëó. Ïî ìíåíèþ ñòîðîííèêîâ äàííîé òåîðèè, òîëüêî â òàêîì ñîñòîÿíèè è ìîãëî ñóùåñòâîâàòü æèâîå ïðàâî. Áóäó÷è ôîðìàëèçîâàííûì è çàêëþ÷åííûì â ñòðîãèå ôîðìû, äîãìû è íîðìû, ïðàâî òåðÿåò ñâîé ïàôîñ, æèçíåííóþ ñèëó è óìèðàåò. Òîëüêî ñïîíòàííûé ýíòóçèàçì, âîëåâîé (÷àñòî íåîñîçíàííûé) ïîðûâ è èíòóèòèâíîå ÷óâñòâî ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè ïîäïèòûâàþò æèçíåííóþ ñèëó ïðàâà. Ó ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîé øêîëû ïðàâà áûëî ñâîå îñîáîå îòíîøåíèå ê ïðàâîâûì èñòî÷íèêàì.  óñëîâèÿõ ëîìêè ñòàðîé ïðàâîâîé ñèñòåìû ãëàâíûì èñòî÷íèêîì ñòàíîâèëîñü «ðåâîëþöèîííîå ïðàâîñîçíàíèå», ïîçâîëÿâøåå ñóäüÿì îáõî- äèòüñÿ áåç íàáîðà ïèñàíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ïðàâà. Íåñîìíåííàÿ ãèáêîñòü òàêîé ñèñòåìû ïðàâîïðèìåíåíèÿ è ïðàâîòîëêîâàíèÿ ãðàíè÷èëà ñ ïîëíûì þðèäè- ÷åñêèì íèãèëèçìîì. Ïðîöåññû ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñèñòåìû ïðàâîïðèìåíèòåëüíûõ è ïðàâîîõðàíè- òåëüíûõ îðãàíîâ ïîòðåáîâàëè áîëåå îïðåäåëåííîãî ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ðåàëüíîñòè è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, èíîé òåõíèêè ïðàâîïðèìåíåíèÿ.  ñèëó êîíêðåòíûõ èñòîðè÷åñêèõ è èäåîëîãè÷åñêèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ ìåõàíèçì ïðàâî- ïðèìåíåíèÿ ñêëàäûâàëñÿ ðàíåå, ÷åì íîðìàòèâíàÿ áàçà, ïðèçâàííàÿ ðåãëà- ìåíòèðîâàòü ýòîò ïðîöåññ. Ñëîæèâøàÿñÿ â ýòèõ óñëîâèÿõ òåîðèÿ ïðàâà êàê ñîöèàëüíîé ôóíêöèè (ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ øêîëà, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ èìåíàìè À. Ãîéõáàðãà, Ï. Ñòó÷êè è äð.) ðàññìàòðèâàëà ïðîöåññ ïðàâîïðèìåíåíèÿ êàê â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå àãðåãàòíûé, àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé è ñîöèàëüíî äåòåðìèíèðîâàííûé. Ïðàâî ïðåäñòàâëÿëîñü ôóíêöèåé ñîöèàëüíîãî îðãàíèçìà è ôàêòè÷åñêè îòîæäåñòâëÿëîñü ñ ïðàâî- ïîðÿäêîì. Ðåàëüíî ñóùåñòâîâàâøèå ïðàâîîòíîøåíèÿ ñëèâàëèñü ñ îáùå- ñòâåííûìè îòíîøåíèÿìè, ñîáñòâåííî þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ñïåöèôèêà ðåãóëèðóþùèõ íîðì óëåòó÷èâàëàñü è, ïî ìíåíèþ ñòîðîííèêîâ ýòîé òåîðèè, ïðàâîâûå íîðìû íåóêëîííî òðàíñôîðìèðîâàëèñü â íîðìû îðãàíèçàöèîííîòåõíè÷åñêèå. Óñòàðåâøåå ïîíÿòèå «çàêîííîñòü» ïîäìåíÿëîñü íîâûì ïîíÿòèåì «öåëå- ñîîáðàçíîñòü». Âíåïðàâîâûå ôàêòîðû (ñîöèàëüíûå è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå) ñòàëè îïðåäåëÿþùèìè â ïðîöåññàõ ïðàâîïðèìåíåíèÿ è ïðàâîòîëêîâàíèÿ. Äàæå òåõíèêà íîðìîòâîð÷åñòâà â ôîðìå ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè è êîäèôèêàöèè îêàçûâàëàñü ïîä âëèÿíèåì ïðèíöèïîâ öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòè. Ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü (è ïðàêòèêà øëà ýòèì ïóòåì) ñîçäàíèå êîäåêñîâ, ñîñòîÿâøèõ òîëüêî èç îäíîé îáùåé ÷àñòè, â êîòîðîé ôîðìóëèðîâàëèñü ýòè öåëè è ïðèíöèïû, ìåñòî îñîáåííîé ÷àñòè îòâîäèëîñü ïðàâîïðèìåíèòåëüíîé òåõíèêå, òî åñòü ñóäåáíîìó òîëêîâàíèþ. Ãëàâíàÿ ñòàâêà äåëàëàñü íà öåëåñîîáðàçíóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ñóäåáíûõ îðãàíîâ. Ñîáñòâåííî ïðàâîïðèìåíåíèå ñòàíîâèëîñü îñíîâîé ïðàâîòâîð÷åñòâà. Èç þðèäè÷åñêîãî ëåêñèêîíà èñ÷åçëè ìíîãèå òðàäèöèîííûå äëÿ íåãî òåðìèíû: ïîíÿòèå «íàêàçàíèå» çàìåíÿëîñü òåðìèíîì «ìåðà ñîöèàëüíîé çàùèòû», ñîöèàëüíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïîäìåíÿëè ñîáîé ýëåìåíòû ñóáúåêòèâíîé ñòîðîíû, ìîòèâàöèþ äåÿíèÿ è òàê äàëåå. Êàçàëîñü, ÷òî ïðèøëî âðåìÿ, êîãäà îòìèðàþùåå ïðàâî áóäåò çàìåíåíî òåõíèêîé è