THE ENCRYPTION TIGHTROPE: BALANCING AMERICANS’ SECURITY AND PRIVACY HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION MARCH 1, 2016 Serial No. 114–78 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://judiciary.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 98–899 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY BOB GOODLATTE, Virginia, Chairman F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan Wisconsin JERROLD NADLER, New York LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas ZOE LOFGREN, California STEVE CHABOT, Ohio SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas DARRELL E. ISSA, California STEVE COHEN, Tennessee J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia HENRY C. ‘‘HANK’’ JOHNSON, JR., STEVE KING, Iowa Georgia TRENT FRANKS, Arizona PEDRO R. PIERLUISI, Puerto Rico LOUIE GOHMERT, Texas JUDY CHU, California JIM JORDAN, Ohio TED DEUTCH, Florida TED POE, Texas LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois JASON CHAFFETZ, Utah KAREN BASS, California TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania CEDRIC RICHMOND, Louisiana TREY GOWDY, South Carolina SUZAN DelBENE, Washington RAU´ L LABRADOR, Idaho HAKEEM JEFFRIES, New York BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas DAVID N. CICILLINE, Rhode Island DOUG COLLINS, Georgia SCOTT PETERS, California RON DeSANTIS, Florida MIMI WALTERS, California KEN BUCK, Colorado JOHN RATCLIFFE, Texas DAVE TROTT, Michigan MIKE BISHOP, Michigan SHELLEY HUSBAND, Chief of Staff & General Counsel PERRY APELBAUM, Minority Staff Director & Chief Counsel (II) C O N T E N T S MARCH 1, 2016 Page OPENING STATEMENTS The Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in Congress from the State of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary ................................. 1 The Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative in Congress from the State of Michigan, and Ranking Member, Committee on the Judiciary ......... 4 WITNESSES Honorable James B. Comey, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 6 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 9 Bruce Sewell, Senior Vice President and General Counsel, Apple, Inc. Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 98 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 101 Susan Landau, Ph.D., Professor of Cybersecurity Policy, Worcester Poly- technic Institute Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 104 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 106 Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., District Attorney, New York County Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 131 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 133 LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING Material submitted by the Honorable Steve Chabot, a Representative in Con- gress from the State of Ohio, and Member, Committee on the Judiciary ....... 18 Material submitted by the Honorable Darrell E. Issa, a Representative in Congress from the State of California, and Member, Committee on the Judiciary ............................................................................................................... 31 Material submitted by the Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Con- gress from the State of California, and Member, Committee on the Judici- ary ......................................................................................................................... 43 Material submitted by the Honorable Cedric Richmond, a Representative in Congress from the State of Louisiana, and Member, Committee on the Judiciary ............................................................................................................... 68 Material submitted by the Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in Congress from the State of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary ............................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD Material submitted by the Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in Congress from the State of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary ............................................................................................................... 180 Material submitted by the Honorable Doug Collins, a Representative in Con- gress from the State of Georgia, and Member, Committee on the Judiciary .. 183 Questions for the Record submitted to the Honorable James B. Comey, Direc- tor, Federal Bureau of Investigation .................................................................. 186 (III) IV Page Response to Questions for the Record from Bruce Sewell, Senior Vice Presi- dent and General Counsel, Apple, Inc. ............................................................... 189 Response to Questions for the Record from Susan Landau, Ph.D., Professor of Cybersecurity Policy, Worcester Polytechnic Institute ................................. 201 Response to Questions for the Record from Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., District Attorney, New York County ................................................................................ 209 OFFICIAL HEARING RECORD UNPRINTED MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD Material submitted by the Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Congress from the State of California, and Member, Committee on the Judiciary. This sub- mission is available at the Committee and can also be accessed at: http://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=104573 Material submitted by Bruce Sewell, Senior Vice President and General Counsel, Apple, Inc. This submission is available at the Committee and can also be accessed at: http://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=104573 THE ENCRYPTION TIGHTROPE: BALANCING AMERICANS’ SECURITY AND PRIVACY TUESDAY, MARCH 1, 2016 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY Washington, DC. The Committee met, pursuant to call, at 1:05 p.m., in room 2141, Rayburn House Office Building, the Honorable Bob Goodlatte (Chairman of the Committee) presiding. Present: Representatives Goodlatte, Sensenbrenner, Chabot, Issa, King, Jordan, Poe, Chaffetz, Marino, Gowdy, Labrador, Collins, DeSantis, Walters, Buck, Conyers, Nadler, Lofgren, Cohen, John- son, Chu, Deutch, Gutierrez, Bass, Richmond, DelBene, Jeffries, Cicilline, and Peters. Staff Present: (Majority) Shelley Husband, Chief of Staff & Gen- eral Counsel; Branden Ritchie, Deputy Chief of Staff & Chief Coun- sel; Zachary Somers, Parliamentarian & General Counsel; Kelsey Williams, Clerk; Caroline Lynch, Chief Counsel, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations; Ryan Breitenbach, Counsel, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Home- land Security, and Investigations; (Minority) Perry Apelbaum, Staff Director & Chief Counsel; Danielle Brown, Parliamentarian & Chief Legislative Counsel; Aaron Hiller, Chief Oversight Counsel; Joe Graupensperger, Chief Counsel, Subcommittee on Crime, Ter- rorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations; James Park, Chief Counsel, Subcommittee on the Constitution; David Greengrass, Counsel; Eric Williams, Crime Detailee; and Veronica Eligan, Pro- fessional Staff Member. Mr. GOODLATTE. We’d ask all the members of the media that are taking thousands of pictures here, I’m sure they got some excellent ones of the Director, but we ask you to please clear aside so we can begin the hearing. The Judiciary Committee will come to order. And without objec- tion, the Chair is authorized to declare recesses of the Committee at any time. We welcome everyone to this afternoon’s hearing on The Encryption Tightrope: Balancing Americans’ Security and Pri- vacy. And I will begin by recognizing myself for an opening state- ment. We welcome everyone today to this timely and important hearing on encryption. Encryption is a good thing. It prevents crime, it pre- vents terrorist attacks, it keeps our most valuable information safe, yet it is not used as effectively today as is necessary to protect (1) 2 against the ever-increasing sophistication of foreign governments, criminal enterprises, and just plain hackers. We see this manifest almost every week in the reports of losses of massive amounts of our most valuable information from govern- ment agencies, retailers, financial institutions, and average Ameri- cans. From identity theft, to the compromising of our infrastruc- ture, to our economic and military security, encryption must play an ever-increasing role, and the companies that develop it must be encouraged to increase its effectiveness. Encryption is a topic that may sound arcane, or only the province of techies, but, in fact, it is a subject whose solutions will have far- reaching and lasting consequences. The Judiciary Committee is a particularly appropriate forum for this congressional debate to occur. As the Committee of exclusive jurisdiction over the United States Constitution,