WaterWater Papers Papers Public Disclosure Authorized June 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized KENYA GROUNDWATER GOVERNANCE CASE STUDY Public Disclosure Authorized Albert Mumma, Michael Lane, Edward Kairu, Albert Tuinhof, and Rafik Hirji Public Disclosure Authorized Water Papers are published by the Water Unit, Transport, Water and ICT Department, Sustainable Development Vice Presidency. Water Papers are available on-line at www.worldbank.org/water. Comments should be e-mailed to the authors. Kenya, Groundwater Governance case study TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................. vi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................ xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................... xiv 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. GROUNDWATER: A COMMON RESOURCE POOL ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2. CASE STUDY BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3. GROUNDWATER GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.4. LINKAGES IN GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................................... 4 2. KENYA: WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND USE ..................................................................................... 5 2.1. WATER RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. WATER IN KENYA’S ECONOMY ............................................................................................................................. 6 2.3. GROUNDWATER AND ITS USE ............................................................................................................................... 6 2.4. TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS ................................................................................................................................ 7 3. THE GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................................. 9 3.1. POLICIES AND LEGISLATION .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.2. RELATED POLICIES AND PLANS ............................................................................................................................ 12 3.3. GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS ..................................................................................................... 13 3.4. REGULATION AND CONTROLS ............................................................................................................................. 15 3.5. INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .......................................................................................... 17 3.6. MONITORING ................................................................................................................................................. 24 3.7. FINANCING .................................................................................................................................................... 26 4. GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE ............................................................................ 29 4.1. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON GROUNDWATER IN KENYA ....................................................................................... 29 4.2. ADAPTATION: MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE ....................................................................................................... 31 5. CASE STUDY AQUIFERS ................................................................................................................................ 33 5.1. OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 5.2. MERTI AQUIFER .............................................................................................................................................. 35 5.3. THE NAIROBI AQUIFER SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 41 5.4. THE TIWI AQUIFER ........................................................................................................................................... 47 5.5. THE BARICHO AQUIFER .................................................................................................................................... 52 5.6. SUMMARY OF RISKS AND BENEFITS OF THE CSAS ................................................................................................... 57 ii Kenya, Groundwater Governance case study 6. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT ACTIONS .......................................................................... 61 6.1. EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER GOVERNANCE ..................................................................................................... 61 6.2. THE NEED FOR A PARADIGM SHIFT ...................................................................................................................... 63 6.3. IWRM AND CONJUNCTIVE USE .......................................................................................................................... 64 6.4. GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................... 65 6.5. CONCLUDING RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 69 7. ANNEX 1: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS.................................................................................................. 71 8. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 74 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................ 86 iii Kenya, Groundwater Governance case study TABLES TABLE 1. BENEFITS AND COSTS OF THE “SILENT REVOLUTION” ............................................................................................................ 2 TABLE 2. WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY BY CATCHMENT ................................................................................................................ 5 9 3 TABLE 3. WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY VALUES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES (10 M /YR) ................................................................ 5 TABLE 4. KEY ISSUES FROM THE NATIONAL POLICY ON WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 10 TABLE 5. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF WATER SECTOR INSTITUTIONS ............................................................................................ 18 TABLE 6. WRUA REGISTRATION STATUS BY REGION, 2010 ............................................................................................................. 21 TABLE 7. WRMA STAFF COMPLEMENT, 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 23 TABLE 8. DEDICATED MONITORING BOREHOLE NETWORK ................................................................................................................ 25 TABLE 9. WRMA DEVELOPMENT BUDGET, 2009/10 .................................................................................................................... 27 TABLE 10. MOWI BUDGETS, 2004-13 (KSHS. BILLION) ................................................................................................................ 27 TABLE 11. ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE ON GROUNDWATER ACTIVITIES (KSHS. BILLION) ......................................................................... 28 TABLE 12. EAST AFRICAN REGIONAL TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION AND EXTREMES FOR SRES A1B ....................................................... 29 TABLE 13. ADAPTATION MEASURES FOR WATER RESOURCES (UNFCC 2007) ..................................................................................... 31 TABLE 14. CASE STUDY AQUIFERS’ CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................................................................................... 35 3 TABLE 15. ABSTRACTION FROM THE MERTI AQUIFER OVER TIME (M /YR) ........................................................................................... 36 TABLE 16. RESOURCE SETTINGS, MERTI AQUIFER ........................................................................................................................... 39 TABLE 17. RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES, MERTI AQUIFER