Copyright by Jonathan Reid Hunt 2013 The Dissertation Committee for Jonathan Reid Hunt Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Into the Bargain: The Triumph and Tragedy of Nuclear Internationalism during the Mid-Cold War, 1958-1970 Committee: Henry W. Brands, Supervisor Mark A. Lawrence, Co-Supervisor Francis J. Gavin Bruce J. Hunt Charters S. Wynn Jeremi Suri Into the Bargain: The Triumph and Tragedy of Nuclear Internationalism during the mid-Cold War, 1958-1970 by Jonathan Reid Hunt, B.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2013 Dedication To my parents, Thomas and Laurie Hunt, and my brother, Tommy, whom I cherish, and whose unconditional support and passion for learning have lighted my path even when my candle burned low. Remember your humanity, and forget the rest. --Russell-Einstein Manifesto, 1955 Acknowledgements At this moment, I cannot help but think back to all those who made this work of scholarship possible. I am struck not only by how instrumental they have been, but how they have constantly made this journey as entertaining as it was challenging and rewarding. When I arrived in the Department of History at the University of Texas at Austin, I had only the faintest idea of what I wanted to study, and an even fainter appreciation for what academic history demanded. I was fortunate to find myself among a cohort of passionate fellow graduate students and under the tutelage of a faculty of warm, patient, and dedicated scholars. Professor H. W. Brands has been a constant ally and inspiration during my coursework and subsequent scholarly peregrinations. He taught me to think critically, speak immaculately, and put pen to paper like a working writer. I joked years ago that I hoped to finish my dissertation before Bill published another five books. I am relieved not to have put any money down on that bet. Professor Mark Atwood Lawrence was on sabbatical my first two years at UT-Austin. I remain thankful that when he returned I took his course on the new international history, which exposed me to a field in the midst of a revolution and inspired me to shift gears from United States domestic history to the history of American foreign relations. Mark was kind enough to serve as my co-advisor and to introduce me to his friend and colleague Professor Francis J. Gavin. Frank’s passion for the international history of nuclear strategy, diplomacy, and statecraft mirror my own. His unflagging encouragement and dependably sound advice helped me to conceptualize how to approach my subjects. His readiness in welcoming me with open arms to the Lyndon Baines Johnson School of Public Policy and the Strauss Center for International Security and Law will not be forgotten. Alas, Professor Jeremi v Suri arrived after I had departed Austin to hide away in various archives around the world. Yet, from the moment I met him at a conference at Oxford, through his on- campus meeting with graduate students, to dropping by his office when I was in town, his enthusiasm has been undeniable and infectious. Professor Bruce Hunt deserves plaudits for putting up with an interloper in the laboratory of the history of science and technology. As for Professor Charters Wynn, he has the honor of having inspired a young undergraduate to pursue history as a career during an unforgettable course on Stalin’s Russia at War. The professors who make the Normandy Scholar Program that rare experience capable of transforming how students imagine themselves and their world deserve more than mention. Along with Charters, Professors Michael Stoff, David Crew, Jean-Pierre Cauvin, and François de Backer made the spring semester of my sophomore year a life-changing adventure. I wish I had more time to thank the other professors who took a young doctoral student under their wings and turned him into a scholar of history and a writer capable of short, precise, purposeful sentences. In this hall of merit belong: Robert Abzug, the late Elspeth Rostow, Joan Neuberger, James Sidbury, Laurie Green, David Oshinsky, Steven Hoelscher, Tracy Matysik, Mark Metzler, George Forgie, Wm. Roger Louis, and the inimitable Antony Hopkins. I must also thank Marilyn Lehman for much good advice, many enjoyable conversations, and a willingness to help a remote graduate student deliver his request for an oral examination to the Tower. The most pleasant surprise I encountered in graduate school was that one learns as much, if not more, from one’s fellow graduate students as from one’s professors. I was therefore doubly fortunate that our cohort of young scholars of international history and the annals of United States foreign policy was so exceptional and close-knit. Suffice it to say, my sincerest thanks and best wishes in their professional and personal journeys go to: Chris Dietrich, Marc William Palen, Brian McNeil, Tanvi Madan, Michelle Reeves, vi Eleanor Douglas, Brett Bennett, Joseph Parrot, Renny Keller, Sean Killen, Trevor Simmons, Helen Pho, Peter Hamilton, John Vurpillat, Megan Reiss, Bob Whitaker, and Aragorn Storm Miller. I have patterned my scholarship and hopefully my career after Chris’s example, and learned never to try to outdo Marc when quoting Arrested Development, nor stump Brett when it came to French wine. Brian kept me grounded at critical moments, leavening many a stressful time with talk of the comparative demerits (on the football field) of Alabama and Texas A&M. The rest of the community in Garrison Hall, the 40 Acres, and beyond who made my years in Austin memorable included: Benjamin Breen, Rachel Herrmann, Yana Skorobogatov, James Hudson, Cameron Strang, Juandrea Bates, Felipo Cruz, Christopher Heaney, Chesty Miller, Julie Odgen, Claudia Rueda, Mehmet Celik, Lior Sternfeld, Pablo Mijangos, Alexis Harasemovitch-Truax, Michael Schmidt, Angela Smith, Sundara Vadlamudi, Dolph Briscoe, Bill Chriss, Robert Icenhauer-Ramirez, Sarah Steinbock-Pratt, Shannon Nagy, Tom Josephson, Rachel Ozanne, Matt Powers, Kyle Shelton, Jessica Shore, Michelle Brock, John Harney, Dan Wold, Ryan Field, James Jenkins, Amber Abbas, Emily Brownell, Jesse Cromwell, Matt Gildner, Bryan Glass, and Jennifer Hoyt. And all hail the Subalterns. I was lucky enough to benefit from wide-ranging and consistent support from my department, the university, and external sponsors as well, who together made my dissertation immeasurably better by permitting me to conduct research widely and thoroughly. The department was kind enough to bestow not one, but two, summer dissertation fellowships as well as the John D. Curtis Endowed Graduate Fellowship in American History. The Center for European Studies at the University of Texas afforded me a year of training in French and a year of research in Europe to explore the trans- Atlantic compass of my inquiry. The Society for Historians of American Foreign vii Relations saw fit to award me a Samuel Flagg Bemis Dissertation Research Grant. The George C. Marshall Foundation’s provision of a George C. Marshall/Baruch Research Fellowship rather fittingly funded my research in the William C. Foster papers at the George C. Marshall Library in Lexington, Virginia. Research grants from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Archives and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Archives brought me to Boston, Massachusetts and Abilene, Kansas for respective stints. The George F. Keenan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars proved the ideal setting in which to refocus my doctoral research on the making of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Finally, the Archer Center Graduate Program in Public Policy in Washington, D.C. gave me the opportunity and the support to spend the summer of 2011 in the nation’s capital working for the International Green Cross and familiarizing myself with the inner workings of policy and life inside the Beltway. Paul Walker, the director of the Security and Sustainability Program at the International Green Cross, was a patient mentor for a historian learning how policy is made on a day-to-day basis and re-learning how to meet daily deadlines. He was also the model co-author. Without him, I would never have published my first article in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Sally Lemmon, Don Arbuckle, and Katie Cook Romano were wonderful guides and I will forever cherish my summer spent in the Archer House with Alice Post, Ashley Horton, Ben Sigrin, Brady Franks, Brandon Hunter, Courtney Tyne, Davi Kallmann, Garrett Coles, Jessica Beemer, Kenisha Schuster, Manny Gonzalez, Maria Islam-Meredith, Mauricio Leone, Rian Carkhum, and Zareen Khan. I was the proud and charmed beneficiary of two dissertation-writing year fellowships. The Dwight D. Eisenhower Institute at Gettysburg College awarded me the Dwight D. Eisenhower/Clifford Roberts Fellowship in 2011-2012, which freed me to viii spend my time exclusively writing the requisite chapters. I was also honored with a Nuclear Security Fellowship from the MacArthur Foundation, which afforded me the peerless opportunity to spend a pre-doctoral year in residence at the Center for International Security and Cooperation in the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. The senior fellows at CISAC cultivate an intellectual environment that is always warm, always thought-provoking, and profoundly dedicated to the study and refinement of international relations. David Holloway has been a constant beacon, guiding me through the lulls and gales that accompany writing a dissertation. Lynn Eden asks the best questions and I have been as thoroughly challenged to interrogate my hidden assumptions on the fog-wreathed ride back to San Francisco with her as at any seminar.