Integrat ed Recources Management Plan (I RMP) for Buna/Bojana Area DRAFT (July 2015) 1 List of figures ................................................................................................................................. 5 List of tables .................................................................................................................................. 6 List of boxes .................................................................................................................................. 7 List of Images ................................................................................................................................ 7 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 8 Context ................................................................................................................................ 10 The Integrated Plan Making Process ..................................................................................... 11 How to read the document .................................................................................................. 13 The Approach ...................................................................................................................... 13 PART A: THE PLAN................................................................................................................ 14 1. The foundations of the Plan - Establishing the process ................................................... 15 1.1 Scoping .................................................................................................................................. 15 1.2 The preliminary vision for the area ......................................................................................... 17 1.3 Defining the Transboundary Zone’s Boundary ......................................................................... 18 1.4 Governance of the Plan making process .................................................................................. 20 2. Analysis & Futures ........................................................................................................ 21 2.1 Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 21 2.2 Analysis Summary .................................................................................................................. 21 3. Setting the Vision .......................................................................................................... 26 4. Developing the Plan – identifying drivers, pressures and impacts .................................. 27 5. Developing the Plan - the Plan Objectives...................................................................... 35 6. Realising the Vision ....................................................................................................... 39 6.1 The Measures ........................................................................................................................ 39 6.2 Formulating the Plan priority activities ................................................................................... 50 PART B: BACKGROUND INFORMATION - THE TRANSBOUNDARY AREA IN DETAIL ................. 67 7. The Transboundary Planning Zone ................................................................................ 68 7.1 Physical Characteristics .......................................................................................................... 70 8. SOCIAL AND-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................... 74 8.1 Population distribution .......................................................................................................... 74 8.2 Population Change ................................................................................................................. 78 8.3 Age and Gender Structure ...................................................................................................... 80 8.4 Economic Potential ................................................................................................................ 81 8.4.1 Agriculture and fishery ........................................................................................................ 83 8.4.2 Tourism ................................................................................................................................ 87 8.4.3 Green business .................................................................................................................... 89 9. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES ................................................................... 90 9.1 Biodiversity and protected areas ............................................................................................ 90 9.1.1 Bio-geographic characteristics ............................................................................................ 90 9.1.2 Habitats ............................................................................................................................... 91 9.1.3 Species ................................................................................................................................. 95 9.1.4 Ecosystem Services .............................................................................................................. 97 9.1.5 Protected areas ................................................................................................................... 98 9.2 Hydrology ............................................................................................................................ 103 2 9.3 Hydrogeology ...................................................................................................................... 106 9.3.1 Vulnerability of groundwater to land-based pollution ............................................................ 109 9.4 Coastal and marine environment and processes ................................................................... 113 9.4.1 Current, tide and wave regimes ............................................................................................... 113 9.4.2 Coastal sediment transport ...................................................................................................... 114 10. Major issues and problems to the natural environment ........................................... 117 10.1 Pressures on the natural values .......................................................................................... 117 10.2 Hydrological and Hydrogeological issues ............................................................................. 119 10.2.1 Water Budget ......................................................................................................................... 119 10.2.2 Groundwater .......................................................................................................................... 121 10.3 Climate change .................................................................................................................. 123 10.3.1 Sea level rise ...................................................................................................................... 124 10.3.2 Extreme weather events ................................................................................................... 127 10.4 Hydro-morphological issues................................................................................................ 136 10.4.1 Floods ................................................................................................................................ 137 10.4.2 Coastal dynamics ............................................................................................................... 142 10.5 Pollution ............................................................................................................................ 145 10.5.1 Pollution in the Drin River and Lake Shkoder/Skadar ....................................................... 145 10.5.2 Estimation of point source and diffuse pollution loads in the Buna/Bojana catchment .. 147 10.5.3 Groundwater Pollution ...................................................................................................... 150 10.5.3.1 Pollution in the aquifer system of Buna/Bojana Delta .................................................. 150 10.5.3.2 Hazard and Risk ............................................................................................................. 151 10.5.4.1 Groundwater Hazard ..................................................................................................................... 151 10.5.4.2 Groundwater Pollution Risk ....................................................................................................... 152 10.5.4 Status of the Water Bodies .................................................................................................... 154 9.6.4.1 Designation of water bodies in accordance to the WFD ............................................................ 156 9.6.4.2 Assessment of the status of Buna/Bojana watershed ................................................................ 159 9.6.4.3 Surface water bodies .................................................................................................................. 162 9.6.4.4 Groundwater bodies ..................................................................................................................