The challenges of implementing new human settlement in the 21st Century. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Master in Philosophy by Moiad Almadani Date: February 2017 i Abstract There are many challenges for town and regional planning in the 21st century, due to the rise in the world’s population. It is forecast to be approximately two billion by 2050. In 2014, half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. (United Nations, 2014, p. 7). The big task for this century is to create new human settlements to meet the challenges of this population growth and increasing migration to towns and cities. Governments need to implement policies to improve the quality of life in both urban and rural areas. There are significant challenges, with an expected increase in demand for residential units, infrastructure and transport as well as the need to create more jobs (Hall, 2011; United Nations, 2014). The overall Aim of this thesis is to analyse the concept of the new human settlement and establish a framework that can be used for implementation of the new human settlement concept. The concept of new human settlements requires the integration of sustainability principles into the planning of new settlements. It seeks to further the wider agenda of sustainable development in urban and regional planning which aims at the management of urbanisation and urban growth to achieve a balance between economy, society and the environment in any development process, while ensuring the availability of resources and choices for future generations. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God for his showers of blessings throughout my research work to complete the research successfully. I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my research supervisor Dr. Olivier Sykes and Dr. Urmila Jha Thakur who have been a wealth of support throughout my research. As supervisors of an international student, they spent extensive time in improving my English communication skills, which will definitely have great impact on my future research career. Sincerely my thanks to Dr. Olivier Sykes, it was a great honour to work and study under his guidance. I am particularly grateful for what he has offered me. I am extending my heartfelt thanks to his wife, family for their acceptance and patience during my thesis preparation. I owe particular thanks to my wife. She always supports me and she is a source of pride for me over many years. Her faith, sustenance, understanding and companionships were the sources of my strength to pursue this dream. I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future. I am very much thankful to my daughters Maiar and Yara for their love and patience through my years of study. iii Declaration The work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the Regulations of the University of Liverpool. This work is my own original research, except where acknowledged in the text. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The dissertation has not been submitted to any other University. Singed Moiad Almadani Date: February 2017 iv Table of Contents CHAPTER 1:Introduction to Research Background .... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 The international circulation of planning ideas ................................................... 2 1.3 Rationale to the thesis ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 The need for new settlement concept ....................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Shift in the concept .......................................................................................................... 7 1.3.3 The need to learn from past experience. ................................................................. 9 1.4 Research scope: ................................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Aim, Objective and Research Questions ................................................................... 11 1.5.1 Research aims: ............................................................................................................... 11 1.5.2 Research Questions. ..................................................................................................... 14 1.6 Research methodology. .................................................................................................. 15 1.7 Structure of the Thesis .................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2: Literature review ........................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Sustainability ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Environmental dimensions of sustainability ...................................................... 20 2.2.2 Social dimensions of sustainability ........................................................................ 22 2.2.3 Economic dimensions of sustainability ................................................................. 23 2.2.4 Sustainability in urban planning ............................................................................. 24 2.3 Challenges to sustainability .......................................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Capitalism ........................................................................................................................ 25 2.3.2 Neo-liberalism ............................................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Facing challenges by redefining the sustainability concept ........................... 28 2.4 The concept of sustainable human settlement ....................................................... 28 2.4.1 Defining the vision ........................................................................................................ 28 2.4.2 The origins of the sustainable human settlement concept ............................. 29 2.4.3 Sustainable human settlement in the twenty-first century ............................ 32 2.4.4 Sustainable human settlements in practice ......................................................... 38 2.5 New human settlements ................................................................................................. 40 2.5.1 Garden city concept ...................................................................................................... 43 2.5.2 New towns ....................................................................................................................... 44 2.5.3 New settlements as an international idea ............................................................ 46 2.54 The new sustainable human settlement as new direction …... 52 2.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3: Implementing the new human settlement concept and Implementation ....................................................................................................................... 59 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 59 3.2 New human settlements ................................................................................................. 59 3.3 New human settlements type ....................................................................................... 66 3.4 European New Human Settlement settlements ..................................................... 70 3.4.1 Adamstown in Ireland ................................................................................................. 70 3.4.2 Vathorst in the Netherlands ...................................................................................... 73 3.4.3 Derwenthorpe in England .......................................................................................... 75 3.4.4 Vauban in Freiburg in Germany ............................................................................... 76 3.4.5 Comparison between new settlements in Europe ............................................. 79 3.5 Asian New Human Settlement settlements……………………...….83 3.5.1 Putrajaya in Malaysia .................................................................................................. 83 v 3.5.2 Songdo in South Korea ................................................................................................ 87 3.5.3 Tianjin in China ............................................................................................................. 89 3.5.4 Masdar City in the United Arab Emirates ............................................................. 93 3.5.5 Comparison between new settlements in Asia ..................................................