This content downloaded from 161.45.205.103 on Mon, 20 Aug 2018 15:20:41 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pinson Mounds This content downloaded from 161.45.205.103 on Mon, 20 Aug 2018 15:20:41 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms This content downloaded from 161.45.205.103 on Mon, 20 Aug 2018 15:20:41 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms PINSON MOUNDS Middle Woodland Ceremonialism in the Midsouth ROBERT C. MAINFORT JR. With Contributions by Mary L. Kwas, Charles H. McNutt, Andrew M. Mickelson, and Robert Thunen THE UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS PRESS FAYETTEVILLE I 2013 This content downloaded from 161.45.205.103 on Mon, 20 Aug 2018 15:20:41 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Copyright © 2013 by The University of Arkansas Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America ISBN-10: 1–55728–639–6 ISBN-13: 978–1–55728–639–0 17 16 15 14 13 5 4 3 2 1 Text design by Ellen Beeler ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1984. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013945835 This content downloaded from 161.45.205.103 on Mon, 20 Aug 2018 15:20:41 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables x Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1: Pinson Mounds and Its Setting (Robert C. Mainfort Jr.) 3 Chapter 2: Antiquarians’ Perspectives on Pinson Mounds 2.0 (Mary L. Kwas) 19 Chapter 3: Mapping Never-Never Land: An Examination of Pinson Mounds Cartography (Robert C. Mainfort Jr., Mary L. Kwas, and Andrew M. Mickelson) 67 Chapter 4: Western Ritual Precinct (Robert C. Mainfort Jr.) 85 Chapter 5: Central Ritual Precinct (Robert C. Mainfort Jr.) 143 Chapter 6: Eastern Ritual Precinct (The “Eastern Citadel”) (Robert C. Mainfort Jr., Andrew M. Mickelson, and Robert Thunen) 173 Chapter 7: Calibrated Radiocarbon Chronology for Pinson Mounds and Related Sites (Robert C. Mainfort Jr. and Charles H. McNutt) 191 Chapter 8: Pinson Mounds and the Middle Woodland Period in the Midsouth and Lower Mississippi Valley (Robert C. Mainfort Jr.) 203 Appendix 1: Ceramics from Pinson Mounds 235 Appendix 2: Politics and Prehistory: The Making of Pinson Mounds State Archaeological Area (Mary L. Kwas) 237 References 251 Index 269 This content downloaded from 161.45.205.103 on Mon, 20 Aug 2018 15:20:42 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms vi I Figures Figures Figure 1.1 Location of Pinson Mounds. 2 Figure 1.2 The Pinson Mounds complex. 2 Figure 1.3 Sauls Mound, circa 1915. View to south. 2 Figure 1.4 Topographic map of Sauls Mound. 4 Figure 1.5 Mound 15 and surrounding area. 5 Figure 1.6 Mound 28. View to northeast. 6 Figure 1.7 Topographic map of Mound 28. 6 Figure 1.8 Ozier Mound, spring 1963. View to southwest. 7 Figure 1.9 Twin Mounds, spring 1963. View to east. 8 Figure 1.10 Digital surface model of the Pinson Mounds complex. 9 Figure 1.11 Hillshade image of Pinson Mounds and vicinity. 10 Figure 1.12 South Fork Forked Deer River, 1916. 10 Figure 1.13 The Johnston site. 14 Figure 1.14 Lithics from the Johnston site. 15 Figure 1.15 The Elijah Bray mound group. 16 Figure 2.1 Map of the City of Cisco. 21 Figure 2.2 Memucan Hunt Howard. 23 Figure 2.3 Judge Archibald D. Murphey. 26 Figure 2.4 John Haywood. 27 Figure 2.5 Constantine Rafinesque. 28 Figure 2.6 David Anderson Deaderick. 29 Figure 2.7 Gerard Troost. 32 Figure 2.8 Sauls Mound, 1953. 33 Figure 2.9 J. B. Killebrew. 34 Figure 2.10 Joseph Jones. 37 Figure 2.11 Close-up extract of the Beers and Lanagan map, 1877, showing Ozier Mound and Sauls Mound. 39 Figure 2.12 J. G. Cisco. 40 Figure 2.13 Samuel C. Lancaster. 42 Figure 2.14 Gates P. Thruston. 43 Figure 2.15a, b Pinson Mounds artifacts from the Brevoort Butler collection. 45 Figure 2.16 William E. Myer. 49 Figure 2.17 “Sketch showing the shapes of the principal mounds in the Pinson Group.” 50 Figure 2.18 Detail of Inner Citadel. 57 Figure 3.1 Buck field map showing Mounds 1–4 and surrounding area. 69 Figure 3.2 Buck field map showing Ozier Mound and lengthy section of inferred “breastworks.” 69 Figure 3.3 Buck field map showing Inner Citadel area. 70 Figure 3.4 Buck field map showing Mound 28 and Eastern Citadel area. 71 Figure 3.5 Composite topographic map of Ozier Mound area, 1947. 72 Figure 3.6 Ozier Mound, circa 1915. 73 Figure 3.7 Excerpt of modern USGS quadrangle map showing western and central portion of Pinson Mounds. 74 Figure 3.8 “Truncated pyramidal mound near Pinson,” probably winter 1935–1936. 75 Figure 3.9 Graphic rendering of Sauls Mound. 75 Figure 3.10 Detail of Inner Citadel area from 1941 aerial photograph with scaled excerpt from the City of Cisco map superimposed. 76 This content downloaded from 161.45.205.103 on Mon, 20 Aug 2018 15:20:43 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Figures I vii Figure 3.11 Detail of Mound 28, the Eastern Citadel, and surrounding area from 1941 aerial photograph with scaled excerpt from the City of Cisco map superimposed. 77 Figure 3.12 E. G. Buck’s post-field drawing of the Eastern Citadel. 78 Figure 3.13 City of Cisco map with superimposed distortion grid. 80 Figure 3.14 Magnetometry map of eastern Inner Citadel area. 81 Figure 4.1 Ozier Mound, circa early spring 1963. 86 Figure 4.2 Topographic map of Ozier Mound showing excavation units. 87 Figure 4.3 Ozier Mound, Feature 2. 88 Figure 4.4 Furrs Cordmarked sherd from Feature 2. 88 Figure 4.5 Profile of Ozier Mound showing uppermost summit and underlying loaded fill. 88 Figure 4.6 Plan view of excavation units and features on summit of Ozier Mound. 90 Figure 4.7 Ozier Mound. Profile of stratigraphic trench. 91 Figure 4.8 Ozier Mound. Southeast profile of stratigraphic trench. 92 Figure 4.9 Plan view of structural remains at the Cochran site area. 97 Figure 4.10 Selected artifacts from the Cochran site area. 98 Figure 4.11 Bladelets from the Cochran site area. 98 Figure 4.12 Bladelets from Mound 14 sector. 99 Figure 4.13 The Twin Mounds. View to northeast. 100 Figure 4.14 Northern Twin Mound before excavation. 101 Figure 4.15 Topographic map of the Twin Mounds showing area excavated. 102 Figure 4.16 Profile along N4000 line. 103 Figure 4.17 Schematic profile showing construction stages. 103 Figure 4.18 Photomerged image of N4000 profile. 104 Figure 4.19 Mound floor showing burial facilities and other features. 105 Figure 4.20 Profile of clay floor at base of mound. East of Feature 49. 105 Figure 4.21 Detail of stratigraphy immediately above Feature 48. 106 Figure 4.22 Plan view at top of clay floor. 106 Figure 4.23 Partial profile along N3998 line, south of Features 48 and 49. 107 Figure 4.24 Feature 56 (burned area on clay floor). 107 Figure 4.25 Partial profile along N4000 showing detail of the sand-covered platform and “walkway.” 108 Figure 4.26 Plan view, top of platform showing posts and stakes. 108 Figure 4.27 E4000 profile. 109 Figure 4.28 Pseudomorph of pole in profile. 110 Figure 4.29 Soil layers covering top of primary mound. 111 Figure 4.30 Completed primary mound and platform. 112 Figure 4.31 Portion of N4004 profile (north wall of N4002/E3998) showing rock cap. 114 Figure 4.32 Boatstone and chert fragments contained within. 115 Figure 4.33 Feature 48, section view to north. 118 Figure 4.34 Feature 48, section view to east. 118 Figure 4.35 Feature 48, plan view. 118 Figure 4.36 Styles of beads from Feature 48. 119 Figure 4.37 Remains of possible beaded pouch from Feature 48. 120 Figure 4.38 Pseudomorphs of fiber structures from Feature 48. 120 Figure 4.39 Feature 49, plan view. 122 Figure 4.40 Pendant placed with Burial 4. 123 Figure 4.41 Incised rattles worn by Burial 5. 123 Figure 4.42 Mica mirror placed with Burial 6. 124 Figure 4.43 Feature 49, section view to north. 125 Figure 4.44 Feature 49, section view to east. 125 Figure 4.45 Burned logs covering Feature 49. 125 This content downloaded from 161.45.205.103 on Mon, 20 Aug 2018 15:20:43 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms viii I Figures Figure 4.46 Feature 51, plan view. 126 Figure 4.47 Feature 51, section view to north. 126 Figure 4.48 Feature 51, section view to east. 127 Figure 4.49 Feature 51 after excavation, view to north. 127 Figure 4.50 Features 54 and 55, plan view. 128 Figure 4.51 Features 54 and 55, view to north. 129 Figure 4.52 Feature 54, view to east. 129 Figure 4.53 Feature 57. 130 Figure 4.54 Stylistically nonlocal ceramics from northern Twin Mound fill. 132 Figure 4.55 Twin Mounds sector, 1963 excavations. 133 Figure 4.56 Twin Mounds sector. 134 Figure 4.57 Twin Mounds sector ceramics.