Funded by European Union Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Task C – Risk/Vulnerability assessment Action C.2/C.4: Assessing the risk/vulnerability of the local area to high wind gusts in five major aspects: population, infrastructure, transit, buildings and forests; Assessing the risk/vulnerability of areas to high wind during storms For the Wind Risk prevention project University of Ljubljana Technical University of Dortmund University of Split Municipality of Ajdovščina »With the contribution of the Civil Protection Financial Instrument of the European Union« Chapter C.2 – Assessing the risk/vulnerability of the local area to high wind gusts in five major aspects: population, infrastructure, transit, buildings and forests ‘Zastava clouds’ Source: Šterman Mirko: Ob burji se pojavijo zastave – Oblačne kape nad Goro, 2013 (Zastava air masses over mountain barriers) Igor Benko, Polonca Vodopivec, Tjaša Gulje, Urška Bajc, Mitja Plos, Goran Turk 1 »With the contribution of the Civil Protection Financial Instrument of the European Union« Chapter C.2 – Assessing the risk/vulnerability of the local area to high wind gusts in five major aspects: population, infrastructure, transit, buildings and forests.................................................... 0 1. General and local winds over Earth .......................................................................................... 4 1.1. Sea breezes .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Land breezes ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.3. Anabatic wind .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Katabatic wind ......................................................................................................................... 6 2. Winds in Europe ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Bora ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Mistral ..................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3. Etesian ..................................................................................................................................... 9 2.4. Foehn ....................................................................................................................................... 9 2.5. Helm ...................................................................................................................................... 10 2.6. Levant .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.7. Sirocco ................................................................................................................................... 11 3. Wind conditions in Slovenia ................................................................................................... 12 3.1.1. Bora (Slovenian: burja) .................................................................................................. 12 3.1.2. Sirocco (Slovenian: jugo) ............................................................................................... 13 3.1.3. Foehn (Slovenian: fen) ................................................................................................... 14 4. Presentation of Municipality of Ajdovščina study area ........................................................... 15 4.1. Population ............................................................................................................................. 15 4.1.1. Population trends .......................................................................................................... 17 4.1.1. Bora Risk/Vulnerability of the population ..................................................................... 18 4.2. Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................... 18 4.2.1. Infrastructure trends ..................................................................................................... 21 4.2.2. Bora Risk/Vulnerability of the infrastructure ................................................................ 21 4.3. Transport ............................................................................................................................... 22 4.3.1. Transport trends ............................................................................................................ 22 4.3.2. Bora Risk/Vulnerability of the transport ....................................................................... 22 4.4. Buildings ................................................................................................................................ 23 4.4.1. Building trends............................................................................................................... 24 4.4.2. Bora Risk/Vulnerability of the buildings ........................................................................ 25 4.5. Forests ................................................................................................................................... 25 4.5.1. Infrastructure trends ..................................................................................................... 26 4.5.2. Bora Risk/Vulnerability of the infrastructure ................................................................ 27 5. Identification of trends in Bora hazard aspects ...................................................................... 27 6. References ............................................................................................................................. 29 7. Appendix 1: Assessing the risk/vulnerability of the local area to high wind gusts in five major aspects: population, infrastructure, transit, buildings and forests: Central Dalmatia (Split‐Dalmatia County) study area ........................................................................................................................ 30 8. Appendix 2: Chapter C.2/C.4 – Assessing the risk/vulnerability of areas to high wind during storms: North‐Rhine Westphalia and the City of Essen study area ................................................. 54 2 »With the contribution of the Civil Protection Financial Instrument of the European Union« List of Figures ‘Zastava clouds’ ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Figure 1: Winds are part of Earth’s atmospheric circulation. ........................................................................... 4 Figure 2: The process of sea breeze (left) and land breeze (right) .................................................................... 5 Figure 3: The process of anabatic (left) and katabatic wind (right) .................................................................. 6 Figure 4: Wind map of Europe ....................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 5: The synoptic maps with anticyclonic bora (left) and cyclonic bora (right) ......................................... 8 Figure 6: The formation of foehn wind ........................................................................................................... 9 Figure 7: Region with the bora wind ............................................................................................................ 13 Figure 8: Region with the sirocco ................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 9: Region with the Karavanke foehn .................................................................................................. 14 Figure 10: Residents by age and gender ....................................................................................................... 16 Figure 11: Population changes until 1.1.2015 ............................................................................................... 17 Figure 12: Population changes by gender ..................................................................................................... 17 Figure 13: Wastewater network ................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 14: New housing ............................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 15: Land use ...................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 16: Natura 2000 in the Municipality of Ajdovščina ............................................................................. 26 List of Tables Table 1: Surface, number of residents, density and average age in the 45 local communities in Ajdovščina .. 16 Table 2: Length of water pipes by Settlements ............................................................................................. 19 Table 3: Daily traffic burden .......................................................................................................................