Surveying & Mapping Manual SURVEYING AND MAPPING MANUAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Part A - Engineering Field Surveys Chapter Subject Chapter 1 Measurements and Computations Chapter 2 Conventional Surveying Equipment and Supplies Chapter 3 Field Survey Classifications Chapter 4 Field Survey Procedures Chapter 5 Transferring Survey Data to CADD Chapter 6 Survey Types Chapter 7 Field Book Compilation, Format, and Recordings Chapter 8 Global Positing Surveys Chapter 9 Laser Scanners Part B - Photogrammetric Aerial Photography and Mapping Chapter Subject Chapter 1 Project Development Chapter 2 Aerial Photography Acquisition Chapter 3 Targeting and Control Survey Chapter 4 Analytical Aero-triangulation Chapter 5 Digital Map Compilation Chapter 6 Digital Orthophotography Chapter 7 Digital Mapping Accuracy Testing Chapter 8 Electronic Media Preparation and Archiving Appendices A. Glossary of Terms B. Sample Field Book Entries C. Standard Forms D. Quality Assurance/Quality Control Plan for Development of Right-of-Way & Construction Plans - I - PART A ENGINEERING FIELD SURVEYS PART A - ENGINEERING FIELD SURVEYS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE CHAPTER 1 MEASUREMENTS and COMPUTATIONS 1.0 INTRODUCTION . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....A.1-1 1.1 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-1 A. Distance . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-1 B. Angles .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-1 C. Area .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-1 D. Volume .. ..... ….. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-1 1.2 COMPUTATIONS . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-1 A. Significant Figures ... ….. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-1 B. Rounding ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-2 C. Stationing ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-2 D. Existing Surveys ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-2 E. Simple Curves .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-2 F. Transition (Spiral) Curves .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ……...A.1-7 1.3 ACCURACY AND PRECISION ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-9 A. Horizontal (Length) Measurement Accuracy .... ..... ….A.1-10 B. Vertical (Elevation) Measurement Accuracy ..... ..... ….A.1-10 C. Angular Measurement Accuracy ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.1-10 D. Control Traverse Accuracy Requirements ... ..... ……...A.1-10 CHAPTER 2 CONVENTIONAL SURVEYING EQUIPMENT and SUPPLIES 2.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………….A.2-1 2.1 HORIZONTAL MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT ..... ….A.2-1 A. Taping .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... …. .....A.2-1 B. EDMI’s ... ..... ….. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... …. ....A.2-1 2.2 VERTICAL MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT ..... …. ….A.2-1 A. Automatic Levels ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….A.2-2 B. Digital Levels……………………………………… ....A.2.2 C. Level Rods ... ..... ….. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ……...A.2-2 D. Theodolites .. ..... ….. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ……...A.2-2 2.3 ANGULAR MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT….……...A.2-2 A. Transits .. ..... ….. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....A.2-2 B. Theodolites .. ..... ..... ….. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...........A.2-2 C. Total Station ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...........A.2-3 - II - CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE 2.4 CALIBRATION of EQUIPMENT ...................................... ...... A.2-3 A. Levels .............................................................................. ...... A.2-3 B. Transits ............................................................................ ...... A.2-4 C. Theodolites ................................................................... ...... A.2-5 D. EDMIs ............................................................................. ..….A.2-5 2.5 MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT .................................... ...... A.2-7 A. Transporting Equipment .................................................. ...... A.2-7 CHAPTER 3 FIELD SURVEY CLASSIFICATIONS 3.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................... ...... A.3-1 3.1 THREE - DIMENSIONAL SURVEYS .............................. ...... A.3-2 A. Geodetic Surveying and Computations ........................... ...... A.3-2 B. State Plane Coordinate System ........................................ ...... A.3-4 C. Assumed Plane Coordinates ............................................ ...... A.3-4 3.2 TWO - DIMENSIONAL SURVEYS ......................................... A.3-5 3.3 ONE - DIMENSIONAL SURVEYS (FLATCHAIN SURVEYS)........... A.3-5 CHAPTER 4 FIELD SURVEY PROCEDURES 4.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... A.4-1 4.1 CONTROL TRAVERSES .......................................................... A.4-2 4.2 CENTERLINE ............................................................................ A.4-3 4.3 REFERENCE MONUMENTATION ......................................... A.4-10 4.4 TOPOGRAPHY .......................................................................... A.4-12 A. Conventional Method ............................................................. A.4-12 B. Total Station ...........…............................................................ A.4-13 4.5 CROSS SECTIONS / PROFILES .............................................. A.4-13 A. Cross Sections ........................................................…….........A.4-14 B. Profiles ........…........................................................................ A.4-14 C. Total Station .................…...................................................... A.4-15 4.6 BENCH LEVELS ....................................................................... A.4-15 4.7 QUALITY CONTROL ............................................................... A.4-15 CHAPTER 5 TRANSFERRING SURVEY DATA to CADD 5.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... A.5-1 5.1 SURVEY PROCEDURES .......................................................... A.5-1 CHAPTER 6 SURVEY TYPES 6.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................. … ….A.6-1 6.1 PRELIMINARY SURVEYS .............................................. ........ A.6-1 A. Requirements .......................................................................... A.6-1 B. Procedures ..…............................................……………….... A.6-2 - III - CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE 6.2 BRIDGE SURVEYS / WETLAND LOCATION SURVEYS HYDROLOGIC SURVEYS…………………………. ..... ..... ..... …….A.6-2 A. Requirements ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .….. ................... A.6-2 B. Procedures .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.6-3 6.3 CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .……………….A.6-4 A. Type A.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….. ..... ................................ A.6-4 B. Type B .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ….. ..... ..... ................................ A.6-5 C. Type B Modified ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... …………………….A.6-5 D. Type C .... ..... ….. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......… …………….A.6-5 E. Type D .... ..... ..... ..... ..... …… ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.6-6 F. Type D Modified ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.6-6 G. Procedures ... ..... ..... ..... ..... …… ... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.6-9 Bridge Stakeout ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.6-12 6.4 BORROW PIT SURVEYS . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.6-13 A. Requirements ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.6-13 B. Procedures ... ..... ….. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.6-13 6.5 FINAL SURVEYS.. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.6-14 A. Requirements ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... …………………….A.6-15 B. Procedures .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... …… ... ................................ A.6-15 6.6 PROPERTY AND RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION SURVEYS..... A.6-17 A. Abandoned Canals and Railroad or Railway Right-of-Ways...……..A.6-18 B. Surveys within the Limits of a Public Utility Commission Order….. A.6-18 6.7 MECHANCIALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALLS………………… A.6-19 A. Initial Inventory…………………………………………………….. A.6-19 B. Routine Inventory……………………………………………………A.6-19 C. Movement Detected between Initial and Routine or Special Inventory…………………………………………………….A.6-19 CHAPTER 7 FIELD BOOK COMPILATION, FORMAT and RECORDINGS 7.0 INTRODUCTION .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......................... A.7-1 7.1 ACCEPTANCE REQUIREMENTS for CONSULTANT SURVEYS.. A.7-1 A. Preparation of Field Books .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ………………...A.7-1 7.2 ABBREVIATIONS ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .………………. A.7-2 A. General Abbreviations ... ..... ..... ………. .... ..... ..... .......................... A.7-2 B. Horizontal Curve Data Abbreviations ... ..... ..... ………. ................... A.7-5