Goodall Films • Four classic films from the 1960s of Goodalls early work with Gombe (Tanzania —East Africa) chimpanzees • Introduction to Chimpanzee Behavior • Infant Development • Feeding and Food Sharing • Tool Using Primates! Specifically the EXTANT primates, i.e., the species that are still alive today: these include some prosimians, some monkeys, & some apes (-next: fossil hominins, who are extinct) Diversity ...200$300&species& Taxonomy What are primates? Overview: What are primates? • Taxonomy of living • Prosimians (Strepsirhines) – Lorises things – Lemurs • Distinguishing – Tarsiers (?) • Anthropoids (Haplorhines) primate – Platyrrhines characteristics • Cebids • Atelines • Primate taxonomy: • Callitrichids distinguishing characteristics – Catarrhines within the Order Primate… • Cercopithecoids – Cercopithecines – Colobines • Hominoids – Hylobatids – Pongids – Hominins Taxonomy: Hierarchical and Linnean (between Kingdoms and Species, but really not a totally accurate representation) • Subspecies • Species • Genus • Family • Infraorder • Order • Class • Phylum • Kingdom Tree of life -based on traits we think we observe -Beware anthropocentrism, the concept that humans may regard themselves as the central and most significant entities in the universe, or that they assess reality through an exclusively human perspective. Taxonomy: Kingdoms (6 here) Kingdom Animalia • Ingestive heterotrophs • Lack cell wall • Motile at at least some part of their lives • Embryos have a blastula stage (a hollow ball of cells) • Usually an internal digestive chamber Phyla in Kingdom Animalia Phylum Meaning Group Phylum Meaning Group Acanthocephala Thorny head Thorny-headed worms Mesozoa Middle animals Mesozoans Acoelomorpha Without gut Acoels Micrognathozoa Tiny jaw animals — Annelida Little ring Segmented worms Mollusca Thin shell Mollusks / molluscs Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods Myxozoa Slime animals Brachiopoda Arm foot Lamp shells Nematoda Thread like Round worms Bryozoa Moss animals Moss animals, sea mats Nematomorpha Thread form Horsehair worms Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms Nemertea A sea nymph Ribbon worms Chordata Cord Chordates Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms Cnidaria Stinging nettle Coelenterates Orthonectida Straight swim Ctenophora Comb bearer Comb jellies Phoronida Zeus' mistress Horseshoe worms Cycliophora Wheel carrying Symbion Placozoa Tubular animals Echinodermata Spiny skin Sea Urchins Platyhelminthes Flat worms Flat worms Echiura Spine tail Spoon worms Porifera Pore bearer Sponges Entoprocta Inside anus Goblet worm Priapulida Penis Priapulid worms Gastrotricha Hair stomach Meiofauna Gnathostomulida Jaw orifice Jaw worms Rhombozoa Lozenge animal — Hemichordata Half cord Acorn worms Rotifera Wheel bearer Rotifers Kinorhyncha Motion snout Mud dragons Sipuncula Small tube Peanut worms Loricifera Corset bearer Brush heads Tardigrada Slow step Water bears Xenoturbellida Strange flatworm — Phylum Chordata • Hollow dorsal nerve cord • Trends – Increasing cephalization – Increased activity levels – Increased predatory lifestyle Phylum Chordata • Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates: filter-feeding sea squirts) • Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) • Subphylum Vertebrata (animals with backbones) – Infraphylum Agnatha (jawless vertebrates) – Infraphylum Gnathosomata (jawed vertebrates) • Superclass Osteichthytes (bony fishes) • Superclass Tetraposa (four-legged vertebrates) Subphylum Vertebrata • BACKBONES • Paired kidneys • Heart, aorta • Major transitions in some ancestral vertebrates – Superclass: Tetrapoda (4 limbs to locomote on land) – Amniotes • Shell, yolk, amnion, internal fertilization • Amnion = a membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, but not in amphibians and and fish Class mammalia • From synapsids…therapsids • Therapsids were transitional mammal-like reptiles – Nocturnal niche that dinosaurs didnt dominate – Increased metabolism to keep warm (bugs) – Chewing (mastication); specialized teeth – Legs under body to turn more easily – Oligokyphus (but some cranial features make it not a mammal) • Mammals – Survived age of dinosaurs – First were tiny, nocturnal insectivores – Escaped predation – Survived global cooling • Adaptive Radiation(~ 0-65 mya) • Three groups: • Monotremes • Marsupials • Placental Eutherians Mammals • What features distinguish mammals? • Hair made of keratin • Active metabolism • endothermic • hair and fat for insulation • closed circulatory system + 4-chambered heart • respiratory system • connected to circulatory system • diaphragm, a powerful muscle to enhance respiration • Reproductive characteristics • Amniote egg without shell retained in uterus • Viviparity • Lactation • Cephalization • Large Brains-key to human evolution • Complex, social behaviors including parental care • Monotremes • Platypuses and Spiny Anteaters • Lay reptilian, yolked eggs! Mammals • But have hair and produce milk to nourish their young • Clear that modern monotremes are the survivors of an early branching of the mammal tree; a later branching is thought to have led to the marsupial and placental groups • the egg is retained for some time within the mother, who actively provides the egg with nutrients. Monotremes also lactate, but have no defined nipples, excreting the milk from their mammary glands via openings in their skin • Extant in Australia and New Guinea, but widespread before that based on fossil data • Marsupials • Opossums, kangaroos, koalas, sugar gliders • Born early • Complete embryonic development in pouch • Nourished by milk (mammary glands) • Diversified in Australia, few left in the Americas (e.g., the opossum) • Convergent Evolution with Placental (Eutherian) Mammals • Eutherians (Placentals) • Long pregnancy • Complete development in utero • Nourished by a placenta • fetal membranes (chorion) and maternal tissues intimately associated for gas exchange, nutrient supply, and waste removal! More on Mammals • About 5400 species around today • Particular jaw feature defines mammals to paleontologists • Vivipary in many (but not limited to mammals— some sharks, etc.) • Most are placental • Most are terrestrial Orders in the Class Mammalia • Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews (Africa) • Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles (Africa) • Order Tubulidentata: aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara) • Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Arabia) • Order Proboscidea: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia) • Order Sirenia: dugong and manatees (ctropical) • Order Pilosa: sloths and anteaters (Neotropical) • Order Cingulata: armadillos (Americas) (pink fairy armadillo here) • Order Scandentia: treeshrews (Southeast Asia) • Order Dermoptera: flying lemurs or colugos (Southeast Asia) • Order Primates: lemurs, bushbabies, monkeys, apes • Order Lagomorpha: pikas, rabbits, hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas) • Order Rodentia: rodents • Order Erinaceomorpha: hedgehogs • Order Soricomorpha: moles, shrews, solenodons • Order Chiroptera: bats • Order Cetartiodactyla: whales, dolphins and porpoises, even-toed ungulates, including pigs, hippopotamus, camels, giraffe, deer, antelope, cattle, sheep, goats • Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates, including horses, donkeys, zebras, tapirs, and rhinoceroses • Order Pholidota: pangolins or scaly anteaters (Africa, South Asia) • Order Carnivora: carnivores • Here: pink armadillo Primates • Mivart, 1873: "Unguiculate, claviculate placental mammals, with orbits encircled by bone; three kinds of teeth, at least at one time of life; brain always with a posterior lobe and calcarine fissure; the innermost digit of at least one pair of extremeties opposable; hallux with a flat nail or none; a well-developed caecum; penis pendulous, testes scrotal; always two pectoral mammae." Order: Primates • What is a primate? • Lots of diversity Diversity ...200-300 species Size Lots of variation, but there are trends… Primates • Motor adaptations • Large size variation across taxa • Five digits on hands and feet: pentadactylism • Mobile limbs • Nails instead of claws (on at least one digit) • Grasping digits with tactile pads (and fingerprints) • Erect posture with extensive head rotation • Rapid and precise muscle control • Opposable hallus (big toe) and thumb (pincer grip) • Prehensile hands and/or feet • Well-developed clavicles (collarbones) Primates • Sensory adaptations • Enlargement of eyes • Color vision • Binocular vision: overlapping fields of vision • Stereoscopic vision and forward facing eyes: – neural wiring: sensory information from each eye relayed to both sides of brain – depth perception + accurate distance estimation Primates • Cranial Adaptations • Reduced snout and olfaction • Dental characteristics – Heterodont dentition (canines, incisors, molars and premolars) – In most groups, 32 or 36 adult teeth Teeth Primates • Life history characteristics • Delayed maturation • Increased infant dependency • Long gestation (pregnancy) • Long lifespan • Low reproductive rate • Large, complex brain Primates • Gregarious (many permanently live in groups) • Male-female social associations • Singleton births (in most species) • Arboreal • Diurnal • Grooming (practical and social functions) Primates • How many species? 200-300(academic debates, hybrids…) • Future DNA sequencing may help sort it out, but maybe not, as genes may or may not address issues of human views on essentialism (c.f., Blooms book of recent) • New primate species are found every few years or so, in swampy areas