Rediscovering Europe: Political Challenges in the 21st Century EU Editedby Jaros³awJañczak Institute of Political Science and Journalism AdamMickiewicz University Poznañ2007 Reviewer: Prof. dr hab. JerzyBabiak Projektwspó³finansowanyzeœrodkówbud¿etupañstwa iœrodkówUniiEuropejskiej wramachEuropejskiegoFunduszuSpo³ecznego © Copyright by Institute of Political Science and Journalism Press, AdamMickiewicz University, 89 Umultowska Street,61-614Poznañ, Poland, tel.(061)8290106 ISBN978-83-60677-25-5 Sk³adkomputerowy–„MRS” 60-408Poznañ, ul. P. Zo³otowa23, tel.0618430939 Drukioprawa–„Wieland”DrukarniaCyfrowa,Poznañ Contents Introduction ........................ 5 PIOTR EBBIG The Forms of Political Integration Exemplified by European Experiences. Theoretical Overview . 7 PAWE£ LESZCZYÑSKI Federation or Confederation – European Integration Models Discussed . 21 ZBIGNIEW CZACHÓR The Problem of Permanent Breaching of the Integration System Balance after EU Enlargement and the Constitutional Treaty. The Principles of Analysis on the Basis of European Integration Theory . 31 MAGDALENA MUSIA£-KARG Direct Democratic Government in the European Union . 35 BRUNOKAUFMANN Towards Transnational Democracy – the New European Approach . 47 ENRIQUE BANÚS Intercultural Dialogue: A Challenge for the European Union at the Beginning of the 21st Century . 67 JAROS£AW JAÑCZAK Europeanization of Trans-border Communities. The Polish-German Case . 77 MARCIN WITKOWSKI Europeanization of the Polish Social Dialogue in Labor Relations . 89 AHMET SÜERDEM, GÜNEY ÇOBAN Rhetoric of ‘Europeanization’ and ‘Globalization’: Discursive Construction of European Exceptionalism through the ‘European Social Model’ . 99 ADAM SZYMAÑSKI The Prospects for the EU Membership of Turkey. 117 WOJCIECH FORYSINSKI, PRZEMYS£AW OSIEWICZ Should Poland Support EU Membership for Turkey? Convergent and Divergent Interests . 127 About the Authors ...................... 147 Introduction The European integration process is one of the most relevant factors in creating the reality of both the European and global environment in their political, economic and cultural aspects. The history of the continent’s unification reveals the extremely diffi- cult path from conflicted and divided states and nations to structures embodying a high level of cooperation and interdependence. The current state of integration is undoubt- edly a great success of its initiators and contributors, who managed to overcome a range of obstacles. The current appearance of the Community could then be seen as an ambi- tious project proposed by a group of idealists at a time when its implementation and the results of that implementation were far from obvious. However, present integration dy- namics create – despite unique circumstances – in a similar way a sort of uncertainty and vagueness from the point of view of different aspects of integration. The deepening and widening of community ties as well as new challenges make defining the final shape of the European Union very problematic and predicting developments in various sectorsdemanding,especiallyfromtheacademicpointofview. This book constitutes an attempt to outline the most urgent issues in the European agenda. It consists of eleven contributions prepared by thirteen scholars representing Cypriot, Dutch, French, German, Polish, Spanish and Turkish universities and institu- tions. The volume is thematically divided into four interconnected parts, starting from the institutional shape and future of the European Union, through to the problem of de- mocracy in community developments, diversity with europeanization process analysis, and is finally completed by an analysis of one of the most demanding challenges of the integrationprocess–TurkishmembershipoftheEuropeanUnion. The fist thematic section is initiated by Piotr Ebbig’s paper that analyses current and future forms of political integration in the EU. The key question here is the inter- governmental vs. supranational model tested on the Community’s external policy. Pawe³ Leszczyñski continues this investigation, analyzing the federal and confeder- ated models of integration in the context of the recently enlarged Union. Zbigniew Czachór in the third article indicates the most important elements of the problem of a permanent breach in the balance of the integration system after the recent EU en- largement and the Constitutional Treaty. His findings are based on European integra- tion theory. The second section concentrates on democracy. Here Magdalena Musia³-Karg pres- ents research on direct democratic government in the EU. Her main interest is the role of national referendums in the democratic deficit in EU problem solving as well as ref- erendum analyses in a European context. Bruno Kaufmann follows this direction with considerations devoted to transnational democracy. He focuses on the New European Approach. 6 Introduction The third part deals with differences and Europeanization. Enrique Banús describes intercultural dialogue as one of the main challenges for the European Union. His per- spective is one of unity in diversity, especially in the cultural field. Jaros³aw Jañczak in- vestigates the Europeanization of trans-border communities, showing how differences on the Polish –German border have been diminishing between previously isolated com- munities as a result of the European integration process. Marcin Witkowski does the same thing looking at the example of social dialogue in labor relations in Poland. He presents the influence of the EU on Central Europe. Finally Ahmet Süerdem and Güney Çoban analyze the rhetoric of ‘Europeanization’ and ‘Globalization.’ They describe how European Exceptionalism is constructed through the ‘European Social Model.’ The last part of the book concentrates on one of the prospective members of the Un- ion-Turkey. Adam Szymañski discusses the opportunities and obstacles determining Turkish membership. This paper is followed by an investigation by Wojciech Forysinski and Przemys³aw Osiewicz. They try to identify the reasons why Poland, as one of the new EU countries (which for purely economic, political and cultural reasons ought to beopposingTurkishentry),supportsthisfurtherenlargement. This book was planned as a contribution to the current debate on the most relevant topics from the point of view of the further development of European integration pro- cesses. It should be treated as one of the voices in discussions of the European Union, created in the Institute of Political Science and Journalism at Adam Mickiewicz Uni- versitybyaninternationalgroupofacademics. PIOTR EBBIG TheFormsofPoliticalIntegrationExemplified byEuropeanExperiences.TheoreticalOverview “In the autumn of 2020, the heads of government of thirty European countries gath- ered in Berlin to sign the treaty founding the Confederation of the United States of Eu- rope. The ceremony in the Reichstag opened to a swirling rendition of Beethoven’s ‘Ode to Joy’ and continued with a keynote address by Tony Blair, elder statesman. As delegates raised their glasses of pink champagne, Blair posed an uncomfortable ques- tion: Would the new confederacy be capable of wielding the political power commen- suratewithitseconomicweight?”1 In this specific vision of Europe’s future, Barber anticipates that in 13 years the Eu- ropean Union will be a kind of confederation. At the same time author puts the ques- tions about its political capability – in other words – its ability to protect its interests and its effectiveness on the international stage in the fields of foreign policy and security. “Early in (...) 2007, the European Union will celebrate its fiftieth anniversary. In many respects, Europe will be able to proclaim a spectacular success: reconciliation between France and Germany, the launch of the single European market, and the launch of the Euro in 1999.”2 The economic successes of the Western European integration are beyond doubt. However European political achievements at the same time are not so unambiguous. Since the beginning of the integration processes the Community’s external activity was focused on the economic field, and in particular on commercial policy and devel- opment aid. The main reason for this situation was the collapse of the first political in- tegration treaties, drafts like The European Defence Community Treaty which proposed creating a European Army,3 or The European Political Community.4 But it is also a fact that thanks to Community dynamics and to the establishment of the Euro- pean Union with its Common Foreign and Security Policy, it has gradually been mov- ing from being strictly economic in nature to increasingly involving the political and diplomaticspheres.5 1 L. Barber, Europe in the New Century: A Scenario, [in:] R. J. Guttman (ed.), Europe in the New Century.VisionsofEmergingSuperpower,London2001,p.7. 2 L.Barber, TheEuropeanProject,“Europe,”December1999. 3 The European Defence Community, Paris 27 May 1952, [in:] Ch. Hill, K. E. Smith, European ForeignPolicy.KeyDocuments,London2000,pp.16–32. 4 Draft Treaty defining the Statute of the European Community adopted by the Ad Hoc Assembly on 10 March 1953 in Strasbourg, European Parliament-Committee on Institutional Affairs, Selection of texts concerning institutional matters of the Community from 1950 to 1982, European Parliament, Luxembourg1982,pp.58–75. 5 G. G. Quecedo, B. B. Atienza, Towards a Common European Diplomacy? Analysis of the Eu- ropean Parliament Resolution on Establishing a Common Diplomacy, Serie de Documentos de Trabajo del Instituto